2015年，上海的高考作文成绩出色，展现出学生们的优秀写作能力。他们在文采飞扬的同时，也展现了深刻的思考和独特的见解。这些优秀的作文不仅仅是对题目的回答，更是对世界的观察和思考，展现出学生们的成熟和才华。
第一篇
人的心中总有一些坚硬的东西，也有一些柔软的东西，如何对待它们，将关系到能否造就和谐的自我。”
也许每个人都是双重的性格，有活泼有感伤，有温柔有倔强。
一个人内心是需要坚硬的，在这个弱肉强食的当代，风情万种的林黛玉本就难以生存，薛宝钗那样雷厉风行的人才可以独当一面。这个发展迅猛的社会，竞争不断压力不减，你不坚强，脆弱根本没人管。受了委屈，对新环境的不适应，工作的不顺利等等，都需要自己慢慢消化，外面不会有人宠你照顾你，这个时候不坚强，不让自己变得坚硬起来，便只有淘汰的份，即使淘汰，也不会有人给你半分怜悯半分同情，在这个社会，能依靠的也只有自己，都市里的生活与竞争，已经远远超越人们承受的极限，前段时间往上特别流行的一句话说，不管晚上经历了怎样的泣不成声，明日醒来世界依然车水马龙。没人管你背后的辛酸与无辜，没人会管你内心的挣扎与无助。在此种境地，你不坚强，脆弱给谁看?哭几声是不是一起哦饿问题都可以迎刃而解?当然不可能，这个社会，也正是因为有这些坚强的人们的存在，才日益快速发展起来。
然而，一个人坚强的久了，生活似乎慢慢就会演变成一种机械化，机械的上班，搭乘公交地铁，下班回家，吃饭，睡觉，一切索然无味，寡淡的几乎将人逼疯。这个时候，你还会因为听到一首好歌感动的热泪盈眶吗?你还会跟着电影里主人公命运的起承转折或哭或笑吗?上班的路上看到活泼的小学生们蹦蹦跳跳的手拉着手上学，还会不自觉的露出欣慰爱怜的微笑吗?如果你还会，说明你内心还温柔着，你的生活没有被这种所谓的都市规则彻底掩盖。因为温柔，会为一只猫感动，会为一只鸟驻足，辛苦繁杂的生活过后，偶尔还能享受生活的浪漫，于是一切就不会只是枯燥无聊，会发现这个世界是有童话存在的。
每个人都想尽力过得好，开心一点，无忧无虑一点，单纯一点。无所谓温柔也无所谓倔强，一个人呆着时，听点音乐打发一下时间，悠扬的旋律缓缓围绕自己，投入整个身心去感受去体会音乐里的世界。静静的感受自己的世界，与朋友聚在一起时，跟着大家伙起哄热闹叫嚣，仿佛生命就在于这样疯狂的折腾，乐此不疲。
从朋友那里听过这样一句话，说，有时候一句话就能让我们泪流满面，有时候也发现自己咬着牙走了很远的路。
泪流满面是因为内心还温柔，咬着牙走了很远的路是因为依然倔强。对于这以后遥远的未知的生活，我们温柔的倔强。
1/15页第二篇
人心有坚硬之处，成就性格的刚毅冷峻，人心亦有温柔之美，弥合凶悍锋芒。刚柔并济，是百炼钢与绕指柔的完美衔接，是人格的双重升华，是造就和谐自我的应有之义。
正如英国诗人西格里夫·萨松在诗中写道：“心有猛虎，细嗅蔷薇。”我想，无论猛虎，是在需要勇敢的时候迎难而上，还是在蔷薇盛开的时候迷醉芬芳，都是我们造就和谐自我所需要的两种品质。于是，为了攀至人生的高峰，我们以坚硬之处示人，奋不顾身地逐鹿无边沙场，但也要为和谐的人生，释放出温暖与柔情，找到亦刚亦柔的最佳平衡点。
人心之坚硬，可以是对底线的坚守，对正义的执念，是外力无法摧折的刚劲。是李白挥毫写下“愿将腰下剑，直为斩楼兰”的铁血燕然，落笔成篇;是李贺“报君黄金台上意，提携玉龙为君死”的铮铮誓言，回荡天际。那份骨子里的坚韧，早已使他们把刚毅不屈的追求奉为人生信条，时时恪守，刻刻遵循。
然而，坚硬并不意味着刻薄冷硬，并不意味着要始终凶狠如猛虎，任由寒光毕露的双眼，战栗世界的暖意。我们不愿再看到专制君主的暴戾恣睢，不愿再听到不古人心的日渐冷漠。只是希望，坚硬之余，人心中的柔软可以裹藏尖锐的棱角，温存人性的美好。
人心之柔软，可以是对凶顽的宽容，对世间的博爱，是任何时候无法被冰封的温暖。是特蕾莎修女给予流浪汉的拥抱，是南丁格尔提灯时的微笑，是《夜空中最亮的星》中所祈祷的“拥有一颗透明的心和会流泪的眼睛”。因为柔软，所以我们可以不甚苛求，尽享流年温润，因为柔软，所以我们可以在坚硬的壁垒下，重新拾得爱与感性的回归。
同样，所谓柔软，不是毫无原则地妥协退让，更不是甘愿被世事所欺却不加反抗。我们不愿看到，心的柔软之处在现实的狂风暴雨中流血受伤，更不愿意看到柔弱的心室被刚硬的外壳蹂躏的体无完肤。所以，只是希望，柔软之余，人心中的坚硬依旧可以承担起生命之重，依旧可以在疤痕遍布之后，不改初心。
心硬如钢便不可摧，刚毅冷峻，坚硬如斯，所向披靡，心软若柔则亦欣然，不失温柔，不畏凶顽，不曾软弱。亦刚亦柔，和谐人生，刚柔并济，两番精彩!
【满分作文评析】
从题目内容来看，探讨心中的“坚硬”与“柔软”，培育精神和谐。精神培育这个话题，具有时代特征。
这个题目有写作的空间，每个学生都有话可说，同时也有高度可攀。从写法上，可以写统一性，培育和谐人格;也可以分开写，“坚硬”的力量和“柔软”的力量，同时兼顾另一方面。作文题带有开放性，给学生的空间较大，容易上手，可以选择不同角度来写。既可以写成议论文，也可以写成随笔等。从内容来说，心中的“坚硬”和“柔软”以及和谐的自我，针对整个社会可能存在的心理和社会问题，内心的选择对整个人生有着非同寻常的意义，不要走极端和偏激。
当考生在某一点上站稳，却仍需要将眼光涉及另一点，将两点结合，逼迫考生深入思考：“如何对待，才能造就和谐人生”。如何根据自己的人生境遇去平衡“柔软”与“坚硬”，造就和谐自我。挖掘矛盾背后的逻辑合理性，体现对学生思辨能力的考查。至此，什么是“和谐人生”呢?健康、快乐、幸福、自适等就是一种和谐人生。故而，无论是“柔软”，还是“坚硬”以适度为好，适度才能造就一种幸福、自适的人生。
2/15页第三篇
2015高考真题化学(上海卷)选择题含答案
2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)
化学试卷
相对原子质量：H-1 C-12 N-14 O-16 Na-23 Cl-35.5 Ca-40
一、选择题(本题共10分，每小题2分，每题只有一个正确选项)
1.中国科学技术名词审定委员会已确定第116号元素Lv的名称为鉝。关于的叙述错误的是( )
A.原子序数116 B.中子数177
C.核外电子数116 D.相对原子质量293
2.下列物质见光不会分解的是( )
A.HClO B.NH4Cl C.HNO3 D.AgNO3
3.某晶体中含有极性键，关于该晶体的说法错误的是( )
A.不可能有很高的熔沸点 B.不可能是单质
C.可能是有机物 D.可能是离子晶体
4.不能作为判断硫、氯两种元素非金属性强弱的依据是( )
A.单质氧化性的强弱 B.单质沸点的高低
C.单质与氢气化合的难易 D.最高价氧化物对应的水化物酸性的强弱
5.二氧化硫能使溴水褪色，说明二氧化硫具有( )
A.还原性 B.氧化性 C.漂白性 D.酸性
二、选择题(本题共36分，每小题3分，每题只有一个正确选项)
6.将Na、Na2O、NaOH、Na2S、Na2SO4分别加热熔化，需要克服相同类型作用力的物质有( )
A.2种 B.3种 C.4种 D.5种
7.检验用硫酸亚铁制得的硫酸铁中是否含有硫酸亚铁，可选用的试剂是( )
A.NaOH B.KMnO4 C.KSCN D.苯酚
8.已知H2O2在催化剂作用下分解速率加快，其能量随反应进程的变化如下图所示。下列说法正确的是( )
A.加入催化剂，减小了反应的热效应
B.加入催化剂，可提高H2O2的平衡转化率
C.H2O2分解的热化学方程式：H2O2 → H2O + O2 + Q
D.反应物的总能量高于生成物的总能量
9.已知咖啡酸的结构如右图所示。关于咖啡酸的描述正确的是( )
A.分子式为C9H5O4
B.1mol咖啡酸最多可与5mol氢气发生加成反应
C.与溴水既能发生取代反应，又能发生加成反应
D.能与Na2CO3溶液反应，但不能与NaHCO3溶液反应
10.卤代烃的制备有多种方法，下列卤代烃不适合由相应的烃经卤代反应制得的是( )A. B. C. D.
11.下列有关物质性质的比较，错误的是( )
A.溶解度：小苏打 水
C.硬度：晶体硅 苯
12.与氢硫酸反应有沉淀生成的电解质是( )
A.硫酸铜 B.氢氧化钠 C.硫酸亚铁 D.二氧化硫
13.实验室回收废水中苯酚的过程如右图所示。下列分析错误的是( )
A.操作I中苯作萃取剂
B.苯酚钠在苯中的溶解度比在水中的大
C.通过操作II苯可循环使用
D.三步操作均需要分液漏斗
14.研究电化学腐蚀及防护的装置如右图所示。下列有关说法错误的是( )
A.d为石墨，铁片腐蚀加快
B.d为石墨，石墨上电极反应为：O2 + 2H2O + 4e → 4OH–
C.d为锌块，铁片不易被腐蚀
D.d为锌块，铁片上电极反应为：2H+ + 2e → H2↑
15.一般情况下，前者无法决定后者的是( )
A.原子核外电子排布——元素在周期表中的位置
B.弱电解质的相对强弱——电离常数的大小
C.分子间作用力的大小——分子稳定性的高低
D.物质内部储存的能量——化学反应的热效应
16.短周期元素甲、乙、丙、丁的原子序数依次增大，甲和丁的原子核外均有两个未成对电子，乙、丙、丁最高价氧化物对应的水化物两两之间能相互反应。下列说法错误的是( )
A.元素丙的单质可用于冶炼金属 B.甲与丁形成的分子中由非极性分子
C.简单离子半径：丁 > 乙 > 丙 D.甲与乙形成的化合物均有氧化性
17.某无色溶液含有下列离子中的若干种：H+、NH4+、Fe3+、Ba2+、Al3+、CO32–、Cl–、OH–、NO3–。向该溶液中加入铝粉，只放出H2，则溶液中能大量存在的离子最多有( )
A.3种 B.4种 C.5种 D.6种
3/15页第四篇
2015年高考真题——物理(上海卷)Word版含答案
考生注意：
1、答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
2、第一、第二和第三大题的作答必须用2B铅笔涂在答题纸上相应区域内与试卷题号对应的位置，需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。第四、第五和第六大题的作答必须用黑色的钢笔或圆珠笔写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置(作图可用铅笔)。
3、第30、31、32、33题要求写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要的演算步骤。只写出最后答案，而未写出主要演算过程的，不能得分。有关物理量的数值计算问题，答案中必须明确写出数值和单位。
一.单项选择题(共16分，每小题2分。每小题只有一个正确选项。)
1.X射线
(A)不是电磁波 (B)具有反射和折射的特性
(C)只能在介质中传播 (D)不能发生干涉和衍射
2.如图，P为桥墩，A为靠近桥墩浮在水面的叶片，波源S连续振动，形成水波，此时叶片A静止不动。为使水波能带动叶片振动，可用的方法是
(A)提高波源频率
(B)降低波源频率
(C)增加波源距桥墩的距离
(D)减小波源距桥墩的距离
3.如图，鸟沿虚线斜向上加速飞行，空气对其作用力可能是
(A)F1 (B)F2
(C)F3 (D)F4
4.一定质量的理想气体在升温过程中
(A)分子平均势能减小 (B)每个分子速率都增大
(C)分子平均动能增大 (D)分子间作用力先增大后减小
5.铀核可以发生衰变和裂变，铀核的
(A)衰变和裂变都能自发发生
(B)衰变和裂变都不能自发发生
(C)衰变能自发发生而裂变不能自发发生
(D)衰变不能自发发生而裂变能自发发生
6.经过一系列α衰变和β衰变后变成，则比少
(A)16个中子，8个质子 (B)8个中子，l6个质子
(C)24个中子，8个质子 (D)8个中子，24个质子
7.在α粒子散射实验中，电子对α粒子运动的影响可以忽略。这是因为与α粒子相比，电子的
(A)电量太小 (B)速度太小 (C)体积太小 (D)质量太小
8.两个正、负点电荷周围电场线分布如图所示。P、Q为电场中两点，则
(A)正电荷由P静止释放能运动到Q
(B)正电荷在P的加速度小于在Q的加速度
(C)负电荷在P的电势能高于在Q的电势能
(D)负电荷从P移动到Q，其间必有一点电势能为零
二.单项选择题(共24分，每小题3分。每小题只有一个正确选项。)
9.如图，长为h的水银柱将上端封闭的玻璃管内气体分隔成两部分，A处管内外水银面相平。将玻璃管缓慢向上提升H高度(管下端未离开水银面)，上下两部分气体的压强变化分别为△p1和△p2，体积变化分别为△V1和△V2。已知水银密度为ρ，玻璃管截面积为S，则
(A)△p2一定等于△p1 (B)△V2一定等于△V1
(C)△p2与△p1之差为ρgh (D)△V2与△V1之和为HS
10.用很弱的光做单缝衍射实验，改变曝光时间，在胶片上出现的图像如图所示，该实验表明
(A)光的本质是波
(B)光的本质是粒子
(C)光的能量在胶片上分布不均匀
(D)光到达胶片上不同位置的概率相同
11.某光源发出的光由不同波长的光组成，不同波长的光的强度如图所示。表中给出了一些材料的极限波长，用该光源发出的光照射表中材料
(A)仅钠能产生光电子
(B)仅钠、铜能产生光电子
(C)仅铜、铂能产生光电子
(D)都能产生光电子
12.重离子肿瘤治疗装置中的回旋加速器可发射+5价重离子束，其束流强度为1.2×10-5A，
则在1s内发射的重离子个数为(e=1.6×10-19C)
(A)3.0×1012 (B)1.5×1013 (C)7.5×1013 (D)3.75×1014
13.监控系统控制电路如图所示，电键S闭合时，系统白天和晚上都工作;电键S断开时，系统仅晚上工作。在电路中虚框处分别接入光敏电阻(受光照时阻值减小)和定值电阻，则电路中
(A)C是“与门”，A是光敏电阻
(B)C是“与门”，B是光敏电阻
(C)C是“或门”，A是光敏电阻
(D)C是“或门”，B是光敏电阻
14.如图，一质量为m的正方体物块置于风洞内的水平面上，一面与风速垂直，当风速为v0时刚好能推动该物块。已知风对物块的推力F∝Sv2，其中v为风速、S为物块迎风面积。当风速变为2v0时，刚好能推动用同一材料做成的另一正方体物块，则该物块的质量为
(A)4m (B)8m (C)32m (D)64m
4/15页第五篇
小巷的深处是家面店，主人是位老人。
老人一头白发，精瘦。当他悠闲地坐在门前台阶上抽烟时，透过那飘缈烟雾，我分明从他浑浊却深邃的眼中，看到了人世沧桑。
面店是没有招牌的。每当清晨，小巷的人们尚未起身，面店的门就开了。那面香，便从小门中涌出，漫到每家的窗台。于是，人们被香味从睡梦中拖也，走进小店，端坐于桌前，等待着自己的一碗清香。这时，我才洞悟：此店若有了招牌，便俗了。
小面店人少时，便由老人的儿子招呼着。人多时，就由老人来协调。每法上班族和学生党急着离开时，老人便向不忙的人拱拱手，道个歉，那人定会爽快地答应多等一会儿。我自然属于赶时赶刻的学生党，所以坐下来不久，便可获得一碗清香。吃完后，向周围的人道个谢，携着众人的善意目光走出去。迎来求学的一天。啊，有了这位老人，忙碌的小店始终不乱，时时溢出三分韵律，七分诗意。
每当有人夸赞时，老人可不会廉虚，总是热烈地应承，并炫耀自己的汤面——面条是自家手制的，鲁是到乡下的钓翁讨来的野生鱼，就连水都是从自家院子的井里挑来的。有人打趣：“老人家，你的秘诀都透露了，不怕被抢了生意？”老人却一笑：“哪里是什么秘诀呦，谁都知道，但有谁像我这样坚持几十年呢？”
老人的儿子也是厨师。熟客们会发现，父子俩的面颇为不同。所以，叫面时总要添一句：“老爷子的面”，或“小伙子的面。”至于我，编爱老人的面。老人的面筋道，叔叔的面偏软；老人的面，味轻，叔叔的面偏重。有人说：“小伙子的面是酒，宜趁热享用；老人的面似茶，宜慢慢回味。”的确，叔叔的面上会淋一勺虾子油，而老人却喜欢放上两三根香菜，几滴猪油。吃老人的面时，竟闻不到香气，惟有轻咬面条时，那香气才由面条的缝辽隙中迸溅出来。面条筋道爽滑，猪油鼓动鱼汤，鱼汤刺激你的味觉。老人的智慧，也许便是特灵魂留在面中了。
终于一日，小巷被拆，小面馆也搬到另一条小巷。临走时，老人让儿子给所有人端上一碗面，面上分明是三三根香菜和几滴猪油。老人挑了几根面，喝了一口汤，点点头说：“有三分意思了。”
后来，我又去吃一次面。老人已经不在，但叔叔的面里却分明有几分父亲的影子。至于在客人间熟念地招呼的，却是一位与我差不多大的小伙子了……
5/15页第六篇
30年前，一位老人庄严地宣布关闭了10年之久的高考大门又一次向人们坦露了它无私的胸怀。从此，寒窗苦读，考取“功名”，又成了广大知识分子成才的必由之路，
在高考之中，每个人无疑都是心酸的。看了那么多的书，学了那么多的单词、语法，背了无数高考后一辈子也用不到的公式、古文，为的只是增加高考考好的几率。难道高考真如别人所说是“好学生之间的撞大运”?就算完全牺牲了18岁应有的激情与快乐，买到了一张有所有号码的彩票，却发现拿着这张彩票的不止你一个人，分到的奖金甚至不如原来的三等奖多，那是，你会不会有一种欲哭无泪的感觉呢?当我们拿到了高考的卷子，却发现自己做了那么多的“无用功”，搭进了那么多的青春年华，换来的只是面对这一张卷子的一丝从容，会不会对着这一张卷子轻轻一叹呢?所以，高考之人是心酸的，为自己渺茫的理想，也为自己的青春年华，
那么，高考之外呢?我们消耗了极大的时间，那我们又在高考之外得到了什么呢?
夜幕降临，他依然伏在书桌上复习功课，做题的快乐无与伦比。午夜11点，笔在手中颤抖，抖得不停，筋疲力尽，一时间，竟不能自已。就在他准备放弃的时候，门轻轻的开了，母亲像往常一样端着一杯热牛奶，放在桌上，温柔的一句：“早些休息吧，别太累了。”他抬头看了一眼母亲，母亲仿佛比自己还疲惫，鬓角的白发愈加明显，一定是最近为自己过分操劳导致。母亲从未向他抱怨过什么，永远是慈爱的微笑。
抖动的手停了下来，握住了杯子，一股温暖涌上心头，“妈，你快去休息吧，我会注意的。”母亲留下了一个微笑，转身离去。他望着牛奶，母亲慈爱的笑容在他的脑海中挥之不去。
手再次抓住了笔，不在抖动，奋笔疾书，心也逐渐静了下来，嘴角微笑。因为他明白，尽管自己付出了许多也不一定会有回报，但有亲人的关怀与支持，他就不能轻易放弃，获得了亲人的信任，他无怨无悔。
体育课，别的同学都已经去操场活动了，他却独自一人在教室里，依旧奋笔疾书，遇到难题，紧眉思索，思索无果，听到窗外同学欢笑的声音，起身，走出教室。
他不喜欢和男生们一起打球，也更反感和女生一起说笑，他感到了孤单，仿佛整个世界只有他一个人。仍然是独自一人，在操场上走着，脑子里仍冥思苦想着那道难题。脚碰到台阶，他狠狠地摔到地上，不自觉地叫了起来，可他的一声并没有引起任何人的注意，他艰难地站起来，拍了拍身上的尘土，看着自己胳膊与腿上被擦上的伤口，流下了眼泪。
下课后，回到教室，他极力去掩盖自己的伤口，但还是被一旁细心的同桌发现了，“学霸，怎么受伤了?我给你找个创可贴。”后桌听到，“要不要紧啊，要不要扶你去医务室，可别感染了。”简单的问候，他刚才失落的心情烟消云散，原来同学们并不是不关心自己。
他看着周围的同学，看着这间奋斗了三年的教室，微笑。奋斗三年，痛苦、伤心、流泪，都已无所谓，只要在伤心时有同学的一句安慰、一声关怀，就已足矣。友情，将会是他高中三年获得的最重的礼物。
又一次模考结束了，他望着自己停滞不前的成绩，有些茫然不知所措。滴滴的雨声结实地打在他的心坎之上，泪水流下，冲刷着他的付出与努力，难道这就叫做心碎的感觉?他心里想：我付出的无数个白天与黑夜难道都会随风而去?只留给我涩涩的痛楚?这叫我怎能甘心?难道要我就此放手?那将意味着教室里这所有浸透我汗水的稿纸都将被怯懦的狂风吹走。“不，不，我绝不能被打败，我要战斗到底!”他大声地喊出来，脑子里回想起那句话“人不是为失败而生，一个人可以被毁灭，但绝不能被打败!”。
再一次与心魔交锋后，他再一次站在了胜利之巅，镜中的他稍显疲惫，但依旧遮掩不了他胜利的笑容，轻瞥被他抛在身后的“烦恼综合症”，笑道：“心中装有执着信念的人，岂能被你这空心的敌人所打倒?”时间的磨砺之下，他的实力与日俱增;煎熬的铁锤之下，他的毅力日益延展;焦灼的煅烧之下，他的自信不断成长。“我相信，我有能力拥抱6月的骄阳。”他再次微笑。
他长大了，高考之外，拼搏之中，他收获了亲情、友情、自信与毅力，他收获了属于自己的成长。他仿佛听到了花开的声音。
那么他又是谁呢?他在我们每个人的内心，他是我们每一个高中生的缩影。诚然，高考是高中最重要的任务，高考能让我们上一所理想的大学，难道那一张大学录取通知书就是我们最后的成功?高考之外我们究竟获得了什么呢?
高中三年，高考之外，亲情、友情、毅力与自信，我们得到的可能更多，这些都是成长道路上的一块块基石。将伴随我们在今后的人生之路上一直走下去，直到我们到达真正成功的彼岸!
6/15页第七篇
★2016年：如何评价他人的生活
2016高考作文题：随着现代社会的发展，人们的生活更容易进入大众视野，评价他人生活变得越来越常见，这些评价对个人和社会的影响也越来越大。人们对“评价他人的生活”这种现象的看法不尽相同，请写一篇文章，谈谈你对这种现象的思考。要求：（1）自拟题目；（2）不少于800字。
★2015年：如何对待心中坚硬和柔软的东西
真题还原：写作70分
26.根据以下材料，自选角度，自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的文章（不要写成诗歌）。
人的心中总有一些坚硬的东西，也有一些柔软的东西。如何对待它们，将关系到能否造就和谐的自我。
★2014年：“穿越沙漠”的自由与不自由
★2013年：“重要的事”和“更重要的事”
★2012年：“微光”
★2011年：“一切都会过去”和“一切都不会过去”
★2010年：丹麦人钓鱼
★2009年：“板桥体”
★2008年：“他们”
★2007年：“必须跨过这道坎”
★2006年：“我想握住你的手”
★2005年：当今文化生活对学生成长造成的影响
★2004年：“忙”
★2003年：“杂”
★2002年：“面对大海”
★2001年：文化遗产的了解、认识和思考
★2000年：2010年上海世博会主题设想
7/15页第八篇
2016年高考上海卷生物试题(含答案)
资料概述与简介
考生注意：
1.本试卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。
2.本考试分设试卷和答题纸。试卷包括两部分，第一部分全部为选择题，第二部分为综合题，包括填空题、选择题和简答题等题型。
3.答卷前，务必用钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
4.作答必须全部涂或写在答题纸上，在试卷上作答一律不得分。选择题的作答必须用2B铅笔涂在答题纸上相应的区域，综合题的作答必须用钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置。
一、选择题(共60分，每小题2分。每小题只有一个正确答案)
1.SARS病毒可以通过口腔分泌物进行传播，这种传播途径属于
A.媒介物传播 B.空气传播 C.病媒传播 D.接触传播
2.在电子显微镜下，放线菌和霉菌中都能观察到的结构是
A.核糖体和质膜 B.线粒体和内质网
C.核糖体和拟核 D.线粒体和高尔基体
3.将紫色洋葱鳞叶外表皮细胞置于30%蔗糖溶液数分钟后，结果如图1所示，紫色分部的区域和影响色素分布的结构分别是
A.①和细胞膜
①和细胞膜、液泡膜
②和细胞膜、液泡膜
②和细胞膜、液泡膜、细胞壁
A.出芽生殖 B.营养繁殖 C.分裂生殖 D.有性生殖
5.下列关于测量蚕豆叶下表皮保卫细胞颤长度的实验操作，错误的是
A.从低倍镜转到高倍镜时，两眼必须从显微镜侧面注视
B.从低倍镜转到高倍镜时，轻轻地转动物镜使高倍镜到位
C.从低倍镜视野中，需将进一步放大观察的物像移至视野中央
D.测量细胞长度时，应尽量使目镜测微尺与被测细胞平行并重叠
6. 诺贝尔奖得主屠呦呦在抗疟药物研发中，发现了一种药效高于青蒿素的衍生物蒿甲醚，结构如图2。下列与蒿甲醚的元素组成完全相同的物质是
A.纤维素 B.胰岛素
C.叶绿素 D.甲状腺素
7. 经过灯光刺激与食物多次结合，建立狗唾液分泌条件反射后，下列操作不能使该反射消退的是
A. 灯光刺激+食物 B. 仅食物
C. 声音刺激+食物D. 仅灯光刺激
8. 在果蝇唾液腺细胞染色体观察实验中，对图3中相关结构的正确描述是
A. 图3 表示一条染色体的显微结构
B. 箭头所指处由一个DNA分子构成
C. 染色体上一条横纹代表一个基因
D. 根据染色体上横纹的数目和位置可区分不同种的果蝇
9.在正常情况下，进餐后血糖浓度会相应升高。在此过程中
A. 胰岛A细胞分泌的胰岛素增加
B. 延髓糖中枢兴奋抑制糖原合成
C. 胰岛素的作用强于胰高血糖素的作用
D. 葡萄糖以自由扩散方式进入小肠黏膜细胞
10. 图4 显示恐惧反射的建立过程。将建立反射后的小鼠放回反射箱时，小鼠体内不会发生的是
A.胃肠蠕动加速 B.血糖升高
C.呼吸加速 D.心跳加快
11. 下列病毒的构成组合中错误的是
①DNA ②BNA ③蛋白质④磷脂
②③④B.①②③
C.①③D.②③
12.不同比例的视锥细胞共同生活的结果使人形成不同的色彩直觉。下列图中，每条曲线表示一种视锥细胞接受的光波长范围及其相对激活程度。据此推测，拥有下列视锥细胞组成的人中，表现出最强色彩分辨能力的是
13.位于颈部的颈动脉窦存在压力感受器。在拳击比赛时，运动员非常注重保护颈部。从生理学角度分析，这种做法是为了避免
A.挤压血管引起动脉血压过高
B.激活压力感受器导致血压过低
C.都塞血管引起动脉血压过低
D.激活压力感受器导致血压过高
14.导致图5中ab和de段人体体温变化的事件可能是
A.非自住颤栗和发热
B.骨骼肌收缩和排尿
C.吹电风扇和剧烈欲动
D.寒冷环境和汗液分泌增加
15.人骨骼肌内的白肌细胞含少量线粒体，适合无氧呼吸、进行剧烈运动。白肌细胞内葡萄糖氧化分解的产物有
①酒精②乳酸③CO2④H2O ⑤ATP
A.①③⑤B.②④⑤
C.①③④⑤D.②③④⑤
16.从种植于室内普通光照和室外强光光照下的同种植物分别提取叶片的叶绿体色素，用纸层析法分离，结果如图6.下列判断正确的是
A.室内植物叶片偏黄
B.室外植物叶片偏绿
C.室外植物叶片红萝卜素含量>叶黄素含量
D.室内植物叶片叶绿素a含量>叶绿素v含量
17.非特异性免疫和特异性免疫在抗原特异性方面显著不同。此外，这两者的主要区别还表现在
A.① B.② C.③ D.④
18.某种致病性极强的细菌外毒素由α和β两个亚单位组成，其中β亚单位无毒性，但能促进α亚单位进入宿主细胞发挥毒性作用。因此，研制疫苗时应选择该细菌的
①外毒素②减毒外毒素③外毒素④外毒素
A.①或② B.①或③ C.② 或④ D.③或④
19.观察牛蛙的脊髓反射现象实验中对牛蛙作了一些处理，下列针对这些处理的分析不合理的是
A.切除脑的作用是去除脑对脊髓的控制
B.洗去趾尖酸液有利于骚扒反射的额进行
C.环割脚趾皮肤可证实此处有相应感受器
D.破坏脊髓可证实脊髓存在骚扒反射的神经中枢
20.下列化学反应属于水解反应的是
①核酸→核苷酸②葡萄糖→丙酮酸③ATP→ADP
A.①② B.①③ C.②③ D.①②③
21.表2显示某家庭各成员间的凝血现象(-表示无凝血，+表示凝血)，其中妻子是A型血，则女儿的血型和基因型分别为
A.A型;IAi B.B型;IBi C.AB型;IAIB D.O型; ii
22.氨基酸在细胞内氧化分解的部分过程如图7，其中过程X和分解产物Z分别是
A.脱氨基; CO2、H2O和 ATP
B.脱氨基; CO2、H2O和尿素
C.转氨基CO2、H2O和 ATP
D.转氨基CO2、H2O和尿素
23.导致遗传物质变化的原因有很多，图8字母代表不同基因，其中变异类型①和②依次是
A.突变和倒位B.重组和倒位
C.重组和易位D.易位和倒位
24.在光合作用的光反应中
A.电子受体是水
B.电子供体是NADPH
C.反映场所位于叶绿体膜
D.H+浓度差驱动ATP合成
25.控制棉花纤维长度的三对等位基因A/a、B/b、C/c对长度的作用相等，分别位于三对同源染色体上。已知基因型为aabbcc的棉花纤维长度为6厘米，每个显性基因增加纤维长度2厘米。棉花植株甲(AABBcc)与乙(aaBbCc)杂交，则F1的棉花纤维长度范围是
A.6~14厘米B.6~16厘米
C.8~14厘米D.8~16厘米
26.图9显示某种鸟类羽毛的毛色(B、b)遗传图解，下列相关表述错误的是
A.该种鸟类的毛色遗传属于性染色体连锁遗传
B.芦花形状为显性性状，基因B对b完全显现
C.非芦花雄鸟和芦花雌鸟的子代雌鸟均为非芦花
D.芦花雄鸟和非芦花雌鸟的子代雌鸟均为非芦花
27. 十年前两个研究小组几乎同时发现，将四个特定基因导入处于分化终端的体细胞(如成纤维细胞等)中，可诱导其形成具有胚胎干细胞样分化潜能的诱导性多能干细胞。这项先进技术的潜在应用前景是
A. 改造和优化人类基因组结构
B. 突破干细胞定向分化的障碍
C. 解决异体组织/器官排斥难题
D.克隆具有优良品质的动物个体
28. 在DNA分子模型的搭建实验中，若仅有订书钉将脱氧核糖、磷酸、碱基连为一体并构建一个含 10对碱基(A有6个)的DNA双链片段，那么使用的订书钉个数为
A.58 B.78
C.82D.88
29. 从同一个体的浆细胞(L)和胰岛B细胞(P)分别提取它们的全部mRNA(L-mRNA和P-mRNA),并以此为模板在逆转录酶的催化下合成相应的单链DNA(L-cDNA和P-cDNA)。其中，能与L-cDNA互补的P-mRNA以及不能与P-cDNA互补的L-mRNA分别含有编码
①核糖体蛋白的
②胰岛素的
③抗体蛋白的
④血红蛋白的
A. ①③ B.①④ C.②③ D.②④
30.大量研究发现，很多生物密码子中的碱基组成具有显著地特异性。图10 A所示的链霉菌某一mRNA的部分序列整体大致符合图10 B所示的链霉菌密码子碱基组成规律，试根据这一规律判断这段mRNA序列中的翻译起始密码子(AUG或GUG)可能是
A.① B.② C.③ D.④
二、综合题(共90分)
(一)回答下列有关生物进化与多样性的问题。(9分)
图11显示太平洋某部分岛屿上几种鸟类的分布及迁徙情况。图12 显示其中的S鸟不同种群的等位基因频率与代数的关系，其中n代表种群的个体数。
31.图11显示，相对于X岛，Y岛上的鸟_______多样性减小。
32.S鸟有黑羽(AA)、杂羽(Aa)、灰羽(aa)三种表现型，当S鸟迁至Y岛后，在随机交配产生的后代中统计发现灰羽个体只占1%，Y岛S鸟种群中A基因的频率为___________。
估算Y岛S鸟密度的调查方法一般采用_____________。
33.经过多个阶段的迁移，在各岛上发现源于S鸟的14种鸟，此类现象称为________。
34.据图12判断，随着繁殖代数的增加，下列表述正确的是___________(多选)。
A.群体越小，某些基因消失的几率越大
B.群体越小，种群基因越偏离原始种群
C.群体越大，种群遗传多样性越易消失
D.群体越大，种群纯合子越倾向于增加
35.除自然因素外，影响鸟类群体数量的认为因素有______(多选)。
A.栖息地开发 B.烈性病毒的出现 C.栖息地污染 D.栖息地因地震被岛屿化
(二)回答下列有关植物激素及其调节作用的问题。(9分)
图13显示胚芽鞘受单侧光照时的生长情况及受光照处生长素的主要运输方向。生长素在植物细胞间的运输常需细胞膜上载体参与。
36.下列激素对植物生长所起的主要作用，与生长素在a处所在作用相反的是______(多选)。
A.乙烯 B.赤霉素 C.脱落酸 D.细胞分裂素
37.生长素沿b方向运输时，其在细胞间跨膜运输的方式主要是_______。
已知某双子叶植物不同器官对生长素响应不同(见表3)。为进一步研究生长素对该植物生长的影响，将其幼苗根部浸泡在三面遮光的方缸中，右侧给光，培育一段时间后，发现幼苗根部向左侧弯曲生长，幼苗上部的生长城顶端优势。将幼苗分成7组，用不同浓度外源生长素处理幼苗根部，继续给予单侧光照，实验数据见图14.图中浓度1~6为外源生长素浓度，以10倍递增;对照指外源生长素浓度为0，此时根部内源生长素浓度低于10-12mol/L。
38.在该植物幼苗的①侧芽、②根弯曲处向光侧、③根弯曲处背光侧三个部位，能合成生长素的部位是__________;各部位生长素浓度由高到低的顺序是____________。
39.据图14、表3数据和生长素作用特点预测，在外源浓度6时，该植物幼苗根部弯曲角度约为___________。据表3数据和生长素作用特点，可推测外源浓度3最低为___________mol/L。
(三)回答下列有关细胞分裂的问题。(10分)
在某有丝分裂野生型酵母(2n)细胞周期的某一阶段，线粒体会被纺锤体推向细胞两极。
40.下列关于该酵母细胞分裂间期亚显微结构的推测中，正确的是_________(多选)。
A.酵母细胞是真核生物，所以能观察到核仁
B.酵母细胞的分裂间期具有完整的核膜，所以能观察到核孔
C.因为是分裂间期，所以一定能观察到2n条细丝状的染色质
D.酵母细胞在分列过程中能形成纺锤体，所以在间期一定能观察到中心体
该酵母某突变株的细胞周期进程及核物质的分配与野生型相同，但细胞分裂的结果不同。图15显示该突变株细胞分裂过程中线粒体分配与细胞质分配之间的关系。
41.据图判断，该突变株发生一次细胞分裂后，其中一个子细胞_______________。
B.获得亲代细胞45%左右的线粒体
C.未获得亲代细胞的核物质
D.获得亲代细胞65%左右的细胞质
42. 在图15 时间轴上0时刻，该突变株胞内染色体的形态和分布模式最可能是图16 各模式图中的_______________。
_______________(选择下列编号回答)，结合图及细胞周期细胞分裂的相关知识，写出分析过程_______________。
①约②约③约④ 90分钟以上
(四)回答下列有关微生物和酶工程的问题。(10分)
枯草芽孢杆菌盛产蛋白酶，后者在生物医药和日用化工等生产领域具有重要的经济价值，且已大规模产业化应用。
44. 在培养包括枯草芽孢杆菌在内的异养型微生物时，培养基营养成分应包括水和_______________(用序号组合回答)。
①淀粉②蛋白质③生长因子④葡萄糖⑤无机盐
45. 大规模产业化首选的菌株是_______________;菌株_______________。
图18 显示枯草芽孢杆菌的蛋白酶和其它酶的热稳定性数据，即酶在不同温度下保温足够长的时间，再在酶活性最高的温度下测其酶活性。在该蛋白酶的工业化生产过程中，通常需对发酵液在60~70℃保温一定时间，再制备酶制剂。
46.在60~70℃保温一定时间的作用是__。
A.诱导蛋白酶的热稳定性 B.有利于发挥蛋白酶的最佳活性
C.裂解枯草芽孢杆菌细胞 D.大幅度降低发酵液中其他酶的活性
47. 枯草芽孢杆菌蛋白酶制备的合理工艺步骤应为_____(选择正确的序号并排序)。
①过滤②干燥③破碎④浓缩
玉米叶肉细胞中又CO2“泵”，使其能在较低的
48.CO2可参与水稻光合作用暗反应的_______过程，此过程发生的场所是______。
49.在胞间CO2浓度0~50时，玉米的关个号速率升高，此阶段发生的变化还有____。
A.经气孔释放的CO2增多 B.单个叶绿素a分子的氧化性不断增强
C.供给三碳化合物还原的氢增多 D.单个叶绿素a分子吸收的光能持续增多
50.在胞间CO2浓度200~300之间，水稻的光合速率逐渐上升而玉米的不再变化的原因是______________。
51.根据曲线①、②、③及影响光合作用的因素推测，表④)最可能是______。
52.根据表4及相关信息，图19中曲线②和曲线③所示光合速率的差异科说明
53.现代工业使得大气中CO2的浓度不断提高，这一环境变化趋势更有利于______。
A.水稻生长，因为超过一定的胞间CO2浓度后玉米的酶活性不再增加
B.水稻生长，因为在较低胞间CO2浓度范围内水稻的酶活性较高
C.玉米生长，因为它们的光合效率极高
D.玉米生长，因为它们拥有CO2泵
(六)分析关于科学探究的资料，回答下列问题。(11分)
【研究背景】蝌蚪遭遇捕食者攻击时，尾部会发生不同程度的损伤
【问题提出】尾损伤是否影响蝌蚪的游泳速度?
【研究假设】轻微尾损伤对游泳速度不会有明显的影响。
【实验设计】
54.采集某地多个水塘中特定发育期的林蛙蝌蚪回实验室饲养。对在多个水塘中采取的最合理解释是。
A.扩大样本数量 B.增加样本种类
C.增加取样随机性 D.均衡性别比例
55.为使蝌蚪更好地适应饲养箱环境，控制因素应包括(多选)
A.水温 B.室温 C.湿度 D.水生植物
56.选尾部完整的蝌蚪，统一编号后分为三组，用于尾损伤处理。分组的最重要依据是和
(从下列关键词中选择)。
蝌蚪颜色
根据尾损伤处理情况，将上述三组蝌蚪命名为轻微损伤组(QW)、严重损伤组(YZ)、对照组(不损伤，CO)，带伤口愈合后进行后续试验。
【数据采集】记录实验数据，包括编号、组别、原始尾长、断尾前游泳速度(V1)、断尾后尾长以及断尾后游泳速度(V2)。
【实验结果】
57.图20所示实验数据处理方式中，能支持研究假设的有和。
58.探究断尾前后尾长与游泳速度的关系，得到图21。据图可得出的结论是.
游泳速度与尾长呈正相关游泳速度与尾长的关系与尾损伤无关
在相同尾长情况下，尾损伤蝌蚪游泳速度变快
(七)回答下列有关动物体代谢调节与内稳态的问题。(8分)
瘦素(Leptin)是一种脂肪组织表达的激素，具有调节能量代谢等功能。高脂肪食物促使脂肪细胞表达瘦素，后者作用于下丘脑中的特异性受体，通过图22所示的途径参与血脂代谢的调节。
59.在和处的信号转换分别为和;肾上腺分泌的激素是，其对过程的作用是。
在一项研究汇总，给予实验小鼠20周高脂肪食物(HFD)，之后4轴喂养正常食物(CON);对照组始终喂养正常食物。期间测定两组小鼠的体重、血压等指标，如图23(图中阴影表示两组间存在显著差异)。进一步探究肥胖影响血压的机理，结果如图24。
60.据图23，下列说法正确的是(多选)
A.HFD喂养显著增加体重，CON喂养可降体重
B.HFD喂养对小鼠体重和收缩压的改变是同步的
C.HFD喂养显著增加收缩压，CON喂养可恢复血压水平
D.HFD喂养导致的收缩压升高是通过改变体重实现的
A.瘦素与野生型小鼠收缩压的维持有关
B.瘦素基因缺陷导致的体重增加与食物中的脂肪含量有关
C.瘦素基因缺陷型肥胖小鼠收缩压的升高依赖于瘦素的存在
D.HFD喂养导致的体重增加是通过调节瘦素表达水平实现的
(八)分析有关肥胖遗传的资料，回答问题。(13分)
人类基因组中存在至少七对等位基因的单基因突变可不依赖环境因素而导致个体严重肥胖，即单基因肥胖。某家族的单基因肥胖不仅由第18号染色体上的R、r基因决定，而且还与第2号染色体上的M、m基因有关;R基因存在时不能形成黑皮素4受体，m基因纯合时不能形成阿黑皮素原，其机理如图25所示。
62.m基因形成的根本原因是___________。
63.基于上述原理，该家族中体重正常个体应具有基因_________和_________，这两种基因传递遵循的遗传规律是_________。
图26显示该家族的肥胖遗传系谱，其中Ⅰ-1是纯合体，Ⅰ-2的基因型为mmRr。
64.Ⅱ-4的基因型为________。若Ⅱ-4与其他家族中的正常女性(纯合体)婚配，生出严重肥胖孩子的概率是________。
最近发现在第18号染色体上海存在与该家族单基因肥胖密切相关的隐性突变基因e。已知II-5不含上述所有导致肥胖的突变基因，而II-4同时携带E和e基因。
65.若只考虑第18号染色体，则III-6的基因型可能为______。
66.若II-4产生RMe型精子的概率是n，则基因R与E之间的交换值为______。
67.在酶X表达受阻的下列基因型个体中，注射促黑素细胞激素能缓解甚至治疗严重肥胖的是______(多选)。
A.EEMMRr B.Ee Mmrr C.Eemmrr D.eeMMrr
(九)回答下列有关遗传信息传递与表达的问题。(9分)
在图27所示的质粒PZHZ11(总长为3.6kb，1kb=1000对碱基因)中，lacZ基因编码β半乳糖苷酶，后者催化生成的化合物能将变色的大肠杆菌染成蓝色。
68.若先用限制酶BamHI切开pZHZ11，然后灭活BamHI酶，再加DNA连接酶进行连接，最后将连接物导入足够数量的大肠杆菌细胞中，则含3.1kb质粒的细胞颜色为;含3.6kb质粒的细胞颜色为。
69.若将两段分别用限制酶BamHI和BglHI切开的单个目的基因片段置换pZHZ11中0.5kb的BamHI酶切片段，形成4.9kb的重组质粒，则目的基因长度为kb。
70.上述4.9kb的重组质粒有两种形式，若用BamHI和EcoRI联合酶切其中一种，只能获得1.7kb和3.2kb两种DNA片段;那么联合酶切同等长度的另一种重组质粒，则可获得
kb和kb两种DNA片段。
71.若将人的染色体DNA片段先导入大肠杆菌细胞中克隆并坚定目的基因，然后再将获得的目的基因转入植物细胞中表达，最后将产物的药物单摆注入小鼠体内观察其生物功能是否发挥，那么上述过程属于。
A.人类基因工程 B.动物基因工程 C.植物基因工程 D.微生物基因工程
说明：1.本答案供阅卷评分时使用，考生如写其他正确答案，可参照标准给分。
2.本试卷包括两大部分，总计150分。
一、选择题(共60分，每小题2分。每小题只有一个正确答案)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D A C B B A A D C A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 B A B C D D B C B B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 B A D D C D C C A D
二、综合题(共90分)
(一)(9分)
31.物种多样性和遗传多样性 32.0.9标记重捕法
33.适应辐射
34.AB 35.AC
(二)(9分)
36.AC 37.主动运输
38.①①③② 39.0A
(三)(10分)
40.AB(2分) 41.D(2分)
42.③
43.④完整的细胞周期包括间期和分裂期，且间期远长于分裂期;图中所示在–20min时，线粒体第一次分向细胞两级，结合题中信息，线粒体分向两级由纺锤体推动，则在–20min时，细胞已经至少处于分裂期的前期，如图所示分裂期至少为45min;据以上两点，该细胞的细胞周期应该大于90min。
(四)(10分)
44.①②③⑤/②③④⑤
45.a ①不能合成蛋白酶或合成的蛋白酶量不足;②合成的蛋白酶不分泌或分泌量不足;③分泌的蛋白酶活性低
46.D 47.①④②
(五)(11分)
48.二氧化碳的固定 叶绿体基质
49.C
50.玉米和水稻光合作用速率达到最大时，对应的二氧化碳浓度不同
51.A
52.在水稻叶肉细胞内，玉米的与暗反应相关酶的活性比水稻的暗反应相关酶活性低
53.A
(六)(11分)
54. C 55.AD
56. 尾长 游泳速度 57.① ④
58.①②③
(七)(8分)
59.化学信号到电信号 电信号到化学信号到电信号 肾上腺素 促进
60.AC 61.ABC
(八)(13分)
62.基因突变/碱基对的增添、缺失或替换
63.M r基因的分离定律和基因的自由组合定律/基因的自由组合定律
64.MmRr1/2 65.re//rE或rE//re
66.4n或1-4n 67.BC (九)(9分)
68.白色
白色和蓝色/白色或蓝色
69.1.8
70.1.4 3.5
71.C
8/15页第九篇
2016上海高考普通批录取时间:7月15日-29日
2016年上海市普通高校招生本科普通批录取工作于7月15日至7月29日进行，实行平行志愿投档。
由于本科普通批的招生高校数量较多，为了最大可能地保护考生利益，确保招生公平和投档录取工作顺利进行，在正式投档前将进行模拟投档，由各招生高校根据计划数和生源情况按规定确定投档比例，同时模拟投档后未招满的外省市高校反馈是否认可加分投档。
根据模拟投档结果，7月18日，相关高校完成特殊类型招生(包括自主招生、高水平艺术团、高水平运动队)录取工作。
7月19日进行正式投档(包括外省市高校认可的加分投档)，并于当晚22:00前公布本科普通批各高校投档分数线。高校将按公布的招生章程，根据考生填报的志愿进行专业录取。
本科普通批录取日程如下：
9/15页第十篇
2016年上海卷高考英语试题(含答案)
资料概述与简介
绝密★启用前
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)
英语试卷
考生注意：
考试时间120分钟, 试卷满分150分。
本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。试卷分为第I卷(第1-12页)和第II卷(第13页)，全卷共13页。所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷(共103分)
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. It is satisfactory. B. It is luxurious.
C. It is old-fashioned. D. It is disappointing.
2. A. On August 5th. B. On August 6th. C. On August 7th. D. On August 8th.
3. A. A waiter. B. A butcher. C. A porter. D. A farmer.
4. A. In a theatre. B. In a library. C. In a booking office. D. In a furniture store.
5. A. She expected to a better show. B. She could hardly find her seat.
C. She wasn’t interested in the show. D. She didn’t get a favourable seat.
6. A. The woman often eats out for breakfast. B. The cafeteria serves good breakfast.
C. The woman doesn’t have breakfast. D. The cafeteria doesn’t serve breakfast.
7. A. Selling cucumbers. B. Planting vegetables. C. Cooking a meal. D. Picking tomatoes.
8. A. The man should work hard. B. The man should turn down the job offer.
C. The man may have another chance. D. The man can apply for the job again.
9. A. It is a hot and smoggy day. B. There is a traffic jam on King Street.
C. A vehicle is polluting the air. D. The man is reading a report online.
10. A. Its ending is not good enough. B. Its special effects are not satisfying.
C. It deserves an award. D. It is good except for the scary part.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. $1. B. $2 C. $3 D. $ 52. 12. A. Pay the bills first. B. Spend 2% of the salary on living expenses. C. Deposit $1000 every month. D. Put part of the money in a savings account. 13. A. Methods of saving money. B. Saving money for family emergencies. C. The importance of saving money. D. Secrets of spending money wisely. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. Free education. B. A sum of money. C. Donations from a local newspaper. D. Gifts from many people. 15. A. Let students in before school. B. Offer ice cream and coffee. C. Introduce a bank into the campus. D. Reduce the traffic jams around. 16. A. It lacks positive news. B. It should grow into a big city. C. It is a place worth living in. D. It remains peaceful and quiet.
Section C
Directions: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.
Class Diary (June 13-19)
SUN MON 17 for after-class activity application TUE WED Handing in three student 18 THU Basketball Club meeting
Time:12:45—1:30pm Place: The 19 FRI Filling in a form with up-to-date personal data
Time: 20 break Place: The computer room SAT
Blank 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.
Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Who is Sue Walter? She is 21 in court and a writer. What is Sue’s suggestion for people with difficulties? 22 In Sue’s eyes, what is the best part about her job? 23 in decision-making. What does Sue think happiness is? 24 II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
(A)
Bags of Love
Last year, I was assigned to work at an office near my mother’s house, so I stayed with her for a month. During that time, I helped out with the housework and contributed to the groceries.
After less than a week, I started noticing that the groceries were running out pretty quickly ?we were always suddenly out of something. (25)_______(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks. To hmy surprise, I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine. Eventually, I decided to follow her and (26)_______ happened truly amazed me. She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in (27)______ she distributed it to children.
I asked around and found out that my mum was very well known in the area. The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me 梥hy would she mot want to tell me about what she (28)_____(do)? Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop (29)_____(buy) the groceries if I found out?e
When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30)_____ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret (31)______ me. She told me that some of the children lived with an older lady in a shelter while others slept on the streets. For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by (32)_____ selfless she was.
(B)
Stress: Good or Bad?
Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking about it, I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed.
In recent years, stress(33)______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too much stress(34)______ does you harm. It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuck at home with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the (35)_____(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself (36)_______ number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (37)______, and yet find it impossible to say no? Do you find yourself getting impatient of (38) _____(annoy) with people over unimportant things?... If the answer to all those questions is yes, you had better(39)______(control ) your stress, as you probably are under more stress than is good for you.
To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life. Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events. Getting married is 50, pregnancy 40, moving house 20, Christmas 12,etc. If the total stress in your life is over 150, you are twice as likely (40)_______ (get )ill.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. account B. adjustable C. appliances D. capture E. decorations F. direct
G. experiment H. intended I. operated J. soulless K. squeeze Golden Rules of Good Design
What makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to 41 the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.
Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary 42
More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is 43 design. Post-Modernist designers began to 44 with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen 45 such as ovens and kettles.
Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product’s function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is 46 . For example, think of a(n) 47 desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to 48 light where it is needed.
From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into 49 the sensory side of our nature梥ight, smell, touch and taste. bThese are as important as rational(理性的). When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows us to easily 50 the toothpaste onto our brush.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making梐ll members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are bnased on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65
of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
61. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
Section B
Direction：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished sattments. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
One early morning, I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book called Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again. My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word “Poems” appeared in big, hot pink letters.
“Is it good?” I asked her.
“Yeah,” she answered. “There’s one I really like and you’ll like it, too.” I leaned forward.
“慞atty Poem,?r” she read the title. Who is Patty? I wondered. The poem began:
She never puts her toys away,
Just leaves them scattered① where they lay,… ①散乱的
The poem was just three short sections. The final one came quickly:
When she grows and gathers poise②, ②稳重
I’ll miss her harum-scarum③ noise, ③莽撞的
④ for scattered toys. ④徒劳地
’ll be sad.
A terrible sorrow washed over me. Whoever Patty was, she was a mean girl. Then, the shock.
“It’s you, honey,” My mother said sadly.
To my mother, the poem revealed a parent’s affection when her child grows up and leaves. To me, the “she” in the poem was horror. It was my mama who would be sad. It was so terrible I burst out crying.
“What’s wrong?” my mother asked.
“Oh Mama,” I cried. “I don’t want to grow up ever!”
She smiled. “Honey, it’s okay. You’re not growing up anytime soon. And when you do, I’ll still love you, okay?”
“Okay,” I was still weeping. My panic has gone. But I could not help thinking about that silly poem. After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was confused. It all fit so well together, like a puzzle. The language was simple, so simple I could plainly understand its meaning, yet it was still beautiful. I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry, words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.
I have since fallen in love with other poems, but “Patty Poem” remains my poem. After all, “Patty Poem” gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most.
66. Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?
A. It was a thick enough book.
B. Something on its cover caught her eye.
C. Her mother was reading it with interest.
D. It has a meaningful title.
67. After her mother read the poem to her, the writer felt ______ at first.
A. sad B. excited C. horrified D. confused
68. The writer’s mother liked to read “Patty Poem” probably because______.
A. it reflected her own childhood
B. it was written in simple language
C. it was composed by a famous poet
D. it gave her a hint of what would happen
69. It can be concluded from the passage that揚atty Poem攍eads the awriter to _______.
A. discover the power of poetry
B. recognize her love for puzzles
C. find her eagerness to grow up
D. experience great homesickness
(B)
Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2008 to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.
3.5℃
This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still put coastal cities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.
2℃
To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tighten emissions targets every five years. Even this increase could sink some islands, worse drought(干旱) and drive a decline of up to a third in the number of species.
1.5
This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃ could save them from sinking.
0.8℃
This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃ point.
0℃
The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of the industrial age.
70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.
A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020
B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countries
C. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto Protocol
D. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming
71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?
A. The human population would increase by one third.
B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.
C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.
D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.
72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_______.
A. 0.8℃ B. 1.5℃
C. 2℃ D. 3.5℃
(C)
Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.
The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.
“The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.
It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller.
Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.
Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.
Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.
The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.
73. What does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?
A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.
B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.
C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.
D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.
74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.
A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme
B. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think
C. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale
D. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models
75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.
A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years old
B. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand
C. the information they collected could become more valuable in future
D. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of
76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.
A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websites
B. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark
C. take no further action if they can find a kitemark
D. avoid providing too much personal information
77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. Say no to social media?
B. New security rules in operation?
C. Accept without reading?
D. Administration matters!
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.
Walking will be banned on escalators as part of a trail designed ti reduce congestion(拥堵)’s busiest stations.
In the first move of its kind, all travelers will be forced to stand on both sides of escalators on the London Underground as part of a plan to increase capacity(容量) at the height of the rush hour.
A xix-month trial will be introduced at Holborn station from mid-April, eliminating the rule of standing on the right and walking on the left. The move, imitating a similar structure in Far eastern cities such as Hong Kong, is designed to increase the number of people using long escalators at the busiest times . it could be expanded across the Tube network in coming years.
According to London Underground, only 40 percent of travelers walk the full length of long escalators, leaving the majority at the bottom as they wait to get on to the “standing “side.
A three-week trial at Holborn last year found that the number of people using escalators at any time of could be raised by almost a third. Peter McNaught, operations director at London Underground, said: “It may not seem right that you can go quicker by standing still, but our experiments at Holborn have proved that it can be true. This new six-month trial will help us find out if we can influence customers to stand on both sides in the long term.”
Holborn has one of the longest sets of escalators on the Underground network at 23.4 high. Tube bosses claim that capacity was limited because so few people wanted to walk up梞eaning only one side was used at all times. Research has shown that it is moore effective use of escalators over 18.5 to ban walking.
The previous trial found that escalators at the station normally carried 2,500 people between 8:30am and 9:30am on a typical day, rising to 3,250 during the researching period.
In the new trial, which will be launched from April 18, one of three “up” escalators will be standing only, with a second banning walking at peak times. A third will remain a mix of walking and standing.
(Note: Answering the questions the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)
78. What is the existing problem with standing on the right and walking on the left?
79. What did last year’s three-week trial at Holborn station prove?
80.The research suggests that walking should be forbidden on escalators that are at least _________ in height.
81. In the new trail, in addition to one escalator banning walking in rush hours, the other “up” escalators will be used for_________________.
第II卷(共47分)
Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1.我真希望自己的文章有朝一日能见报。(hope)
2.二十世纪末中国经济迅速发展。(witness)
3.为买一双运动鞋而通宵排队有意义吗?(point)
4.虽然当时我年幼，不理解这部电影的含义，但我记得我的家人都感动得落泪了。(too…to…)
5.我阿姨苦读四年之后获得了文凭，那一刻她欣喜万分。(The moment…)
II. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120–150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是中华中学学生姚平，最近参加了一项研究性学习调研，课题为“父母是否以子女为荣”。通过调研你校学生及其父母，结果发现双方对此问题的看法有差异(数据如图所示)。根据图表写一份报告，在报告中，你必须：
描述调研数据;
分析可能导致这一结果的原因。
上海英语参考答案
第I卷
第一大题第1至第10小题，每题1分;第11至第16小题，每题2分;第17题至第24题，每题1分。共30分。
1.D 2. B 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.C 10.A
11.C 12.D 13.A 14.B 15.A 16.C
17.Deadline 18. photos 19.stadium 20. Lunch
21.a(famous) judge 22.Asking for help
23.Having a voice 24.Sharing (with others)
第二大题每小题1分。共26分。 25. Wondering 26. what 27. which 28. had done 29. buying
30. Before 31. from 32. how 33. has been regarded 34. that
35. better 36. a 37. you 38. annoyed 39. control
40. to get 41. D 42.E 43.J 44.G 45.C 46.H 47.B 48.F 49.A 50.K
第三大题第51至65小题，每题1分;第66至77小题，每题2分;第78至81小题，每题2分。共47分。 51. D 52. A 53. B 54. D 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. A 60. C 61. B 62. B 63. D 64. A 65. C 66. B 67. A 68. D 69. A 70. D 71. D 72. B 73. A 74. B 75. D 76. B 77. C
第II卷
第一大题第1至3小题，每题4分;第4至5小题，每题5分。共22分。 1. I really hope that my article will be published in a newspaper someday.
2. The late twentieth century witnessed the rapid development of China’s economy.
3. What is the point of/in lining up for the whole night just to buy a pair of sports shoes? / Is there any point (in) lining up for the whole night just to buy a pair of sports shoes?
4. Although I was then too young to understand the meaning of the film, I remember my family
were moved to tears.
5. The moment my aunt gained her diploma after four years of hard work, she was filled with joy. 第二大题共25分。
10/15页第十一篇
2016年高考上海卷语文试题(含答案)
资料概述与简介
绝密★启封并使用完毕前
试题类型：
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试
上海语文
注意事项：
1.本试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题)两部分.
2.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试题相应的位置.
3.全部答案在答题卡上完成，答在本试题上无效.
4.考试结束后，将本试题和答题卡一并交回.
一、阅读 80分
(一)阅读下文，完成第1-6题。(17分)
考据、批评与欣赏朱光潜
①把快感、联想当作美感，是一般人的误解。有一种误解是学者们所特有的，就考据和批评当作欣赏。
②拿我在国外大学读的莎士比亚这门功课来说，英国的教授整年地讲“版本的批评”;莎士比亚的某部剧本在那一年印第一次“四折本”，哪一年印第一次“对折本”，各有几次梵音，某一个字在第一次“四折本”怎样写，后来在“对折本”，里又改成什么样……自然他们不仅讲这一样，对来源和作者生平也很重视：莎士比亚大概度过些什么书?《哈姆雷特》是根据哪些书写的?他和戏院和同行的关系如何?“哈姆雷特是不是作者现身说法?……为了解决这些问题，学者们个个埋头于灰封虫咬的故纸堆中，寻找片纸只字以为至宝。
③这些功夫都属于中国人说的“考据学”。这门课的教授只做这种功夫，对我们也只讲他研究的那一套。至于学生能否欣赏剧本本身，他并不过问。从美学观点来说，我们该如何看待这种考据工作呢?
④考据所得的是历史知识，可以帮助欣赏，却不是欣赏本身。欣赏之前要有了解。只就欣赏说，版本、来源以及作者生平都是题外事，因为美感经验全在欣赏形象本身。但就了解说，这些历史的知识却非常重要，要了解《洛神赋》，就不能不知道曹植和甄后的关系;要了解《饮酒》诗，就不能不先考定原本中到底是“悠然望南山”还是“悠然见南山”。 但若只了解而不能欣赏，则没有走进文艺的领域。通常富于考据癖的学者难免犯两种错误。第一种错误是穿凿附会。他们以为作者字字有来历，便拉史实来附会它。他们不知道艺术是创造的，虽然可以受史实的影响，却不必完全受其支配。第二种错误是因考据之后，便袖手旁观，不肯染指，而我是饕餮汉，对于考据家的苦心孤诣虽十二分地敬佩、感激，但我认为，最要紧的事还是伸箸把菜取到口里来咀嚼，领略领略它的滋味。 在考据学者们自己看来，考据就是一种文学批评，但是一般人所谓的文学批评，意义实不仅如此。文学批评学者向来有派别的不同，所认识的文学批评的意义也不一致。区分起来，除开上述帮助了解的文学批评，主要还有两类。 第一类是“法官”式的文学批评。“法官”要有“法”，也便是“纪律”，“法官”式的学者心中预存几条纪律，用来衡量一切作品，符合它们的就是没，违背它们的就是丑。他们向作家下批语说：“亚里士多德明明说过坏人不能做悲剧主角，你何以要用一个杀皇帝的麦可白?”但文艺是创造的，谁能拿死纪律来限制活作品?
⑨“法官”式的文学批评所持的是“批评的态度”，印象派的文学批评所持的是“欣赏的态度”，它们是相反的。批评的态度是冷静的，不杂情感;欣赏的态度则注重我的情感和物的姿态的交流。批评的态度须用反省的理解;欣赏的态度则全凭直觉，批评的态度预存美丑的标准，把我放在作品之外去评判它的美丑;欣赏的态度则忌杂有任何城建，把我放在作品里面去分享它的生命。遇到文艺作品如果始终持批评的态度，则我是我而作品是作品，得不到真正的美感经验。
⑩我是倾向于印象派的，不过我也明白它的缺点，比如看一幅图，内行有内行的印象，外行有外行的印象，它们的价值是否相同呢?我小时候欢喜读《花月痕》①一类的东西，现在想来不禁赧颜，究竟是从前对还是现在对呢?文艺虽无普遍的纪律，而美丑的好恶却有一个道理，遇见一个作品，只说“我觉得好”还不够，还应说出觉得好的道理。
⑪总之，考据、批评都不是欣赏，但是欣赏却不可无考据与批评。有的人太看重考据和批评的功夫，有个人又太不肯做脚踏实地的功夫，以为有文艺的嗜好就可以谈文艺，这都是很大的错误。
(有删改)
【注】①《花月痕》：清代长篇小说，情调缠绵哀怨。
1.第段画线的词语“现身说法”在文中是指。(2分)
2.第段详细列举“功课”内容，对其作用分析不正确的一项是()。(2分)
A.
B.证明考据学者只做这种无意义的功夫。
C.有助于读者对考据工作形成感性认识。
D.为“考据对欣赏是题外事”提供证据。
3.概括“法官”式文学批评的特点。(3分)
4.以下对文章的分析不恰当的一项是()。(2分)
A.第①段提出文章讨论的对象，总领全文。
B.第②~⑤段着重阐述了作者对考据的看法。
C.第⑨⑩段分别对第⑦⑧段进行了深入分析。
D.第⑪段总括了上文，提出了自己的主张。
5.下列推断与文章一致的一项是()(3分)
A.把考据和批评当作欣赏的人不都是学者。
B.如果不欣赏形象本身，就不能得到美感经验。
C.在考据学者们自己看来，文学批评也是一种考据。
D.“法官”式文学批评者不认为《麦克白》是一部悲剧。
6.分析作者与印象派在文学批评观点上的异同。(5分)
(二)阅读下文，完成第7-11题。(18分)
湖殇熊久红
①当一双脚站在干涸的湖底的时候，其实，那种心痛的感觉，就像是自己踩在了自己的骨头上。
②我说的是，在西部腹地，看着被戈壁荒漠一寸寸吞噬掉的艾比湖;我说的是，面对一片白色的盐碱，以及狂风掠过时卷起的漫漫沙尘。
③对湖而言，它首先带给我们的，应该是那粼粼的波光，是鸥鸟的翔鸣，是蓝天白云的倒映，是渔歌唱晚的恬静，这些特征是湖带给我们的生活体验，也是湖应有的生命品质。而我脚下的艾比湖，正在丧失这些青春，就像一个散失了光鲜的干瘪水果，躺成一汪奄奄一息的物证，那些越来越多从湖底裸露出来的丑陋的盐碱污泥，总是让我联想到一具行将风干的木乃伊，一个湖的木乃伊。
④青年时期的艾比湖有着1200平方公里的水面;有着几万乃至十几万只野鸭水鸟嬉戏的场面;有着浩浩荡荡芦苇环卫的辽阔水域;有着长河落日大漠孤烟的宁静致远。这些深深的怀念，使得我对眼前的景象，有着撕心裂肺的悲怆。
⑤在蛮荒的疆域里安插一个湖，应该是上帝对自己分配不公的一个补偿，她带给我们的是对绝望灵魂的抚慰，是对生存状态的重估，是能枕着入眠的一个梦境，而这个梦，曾经真真实实地存在过，在记忆的回望里，碧波荡漾。
⑥那是八十年代中期，一直对巴金的《海上日出》心存缱绻，期待感受红日出海的璀璨景象。新疆离海太远，使只好以湖的的水域，模仿海的苍茫了。从首府放暑假回来，邀几位同学，骑车六十里，去艾比湖看日出，以弥补对海的贫瘠和渴望。
⑦由于道路的崎岖到湖边时，太阳早已三尺竿头了。没赶上看日出，却被眼前一望无际、绵延至深的芦苇荡所震撼，清风拂过，波涛汹涌。一如百万雄兵拥围着这一城的浩淼，湖的浅滩上，密密麻麻布满了野鸭、灰鸭、斑头雁，随便朝水中甩一片卵石，都会惊飞几十只水鸟，空中盘旋两圈，又栖落水中。湖面很宽，即使极目远眺，也看不见对岸的轮廓。靠近水边是一排沙滩，赤脚从上面走过，可以感受到温热潮润的细沙与脚趾间密切接触的惬意。几行浅浅的脚印，一派浪漫的行程。
⑧二十多年的时间，都无法淡化湖在往事里的色彩，这幅精美的画面早已长在岁月深处，每一次温故，都在重新涂染一遍色彩，所以，停靠在回忆中的湖，其实，一直都很鲜艳，多少次在梦里，潮涨潮落，清波涟涟。
⑨但眼前的残败，总让人恍然隔世，觉得这个每年被大风从湖底卷起无数沙尘和盐尘的，这个每年以几平方公里的速度一点点消失的，这个在干涸湖底随处可见禽鸟尸骨和枯苇干枝的，不是记忆里的那个湖啊!它与往日被我们时常念想的碧水清波毫无瓜葛。
⑩多么希望艾比湖的枯萎是一次误诊!
⑪但更多时候，我们不得不面对这样一串的数字。近50年，我国失去的湖泊有243个，
⑫那些缭绕碧波的绿茵，那些水中游戏的鱼鸟，那些湖面泛舟的渔人，那些环湖晚炊的村庄，都随着湖的消失而泯灭了。
⑬通过同伴的结局，艾比湖一定看到了自己悲情的归宿，所以，湖才有了泪的咸涩。如果能发出呐喊，我想，湖是一定要向上天控诉的，控诉那贪婪者破坏者无知者傲慢者控诉他们以自己的短视替子孙们挖掘着墓穴。
⑭时常看到一些赞美艾比湖的文章，对它仅剩的三分之一的水域，进行热情歌颂，听上去就像是对着一个病入膏肓的人赞美她美丽的服饰和迷人的发髻，不知道在鱼缸里长大的鱼，会不会朗诵有关海的诗句。
⑮
7.第①段中的比喻贴切形象，表现力强，请加以赏析。(3分)
8.作者描绘了八十年代中期游湖所见景色，用意是。(3分)
9.本文是抒情散文，第⑪段却用了若干数据和年份，有何效果?(4分)
10.结合全文，分析标题“湖殇”的含义。(3分)
11.以第⑫~⑮段为例，评析本文语言运用上的特点。(5分)
(三)默写。(6分)
【任选6空作答：超过6空，按前6空评分】
12.(1)非独贤者是有心也，人皆有之，。 。
(2) __________，孤城遥望玉门关。
(3)楚天千里清秋， 。(辛弃疾《水龙吟·登建康赏心亭》)
(4)夕阳下，酒旆闲
(5)______，身世浮沉雨打萍。(文天祥《过零丁洋》)
(7)奇文共欣赏，_________。(陶渊明《移居》)
(8)山一程，水一程，身向榆关那畔行，________。(纳兰性德《长相思》)
(四)阅读下面的诗歌，完成第13—15题。(8分)
野望(唐)杜甫
西山白雪三城戍，南浦清江万里桥。
海内风尘诸弟隔，天涯涕泪一身遥。
惟将迟暮供多病，未有涓埃答圣朝。
跨马出郊时极目，不堪人事日萧条。
戍涓埃
13.下列各组词语不符合对仗要求的一项是()。(1分)
A.第一、二句中的“白雪”与“清江”
B.第三、四句中的“诸弟”与“一身”
C.第五、六句中的“供多病”与“答圣
D.第七、八句中的“时极目日萧条
14.从“切合题目”的角度分析本诗，恰当的一项是()。(2分)
A.第一、二句中的“西山”“南浦”切合“野”字。
B.第三、四句“海内”“天涯”切合“野望“二字。
C.第五、六句中的“迟暮”“涓埃
D.第七句中的“出郊”“极目”切合“野望”二字。
15.全诗是怎样表现作者的情感的?请结合具体诗句加以赏析。(5分)
(五)阅读下文，完成第16—21题。(18分)
①羊祜，字叔子，泰山南城人也。博学能属文，美须眉，善谈论。郡将夏侯威异之，以兄霸之子妻之。举上计吏，州四辟从事，皆不就。夏侯霸之降蜀也，姻亲多告绝，祜独安其室，恩礼有加焉。
②帝将有灭吴之志,以祜为都督荆州诸军事，镇南夏，甚得江汉之心，吴石城守去襄阳七百余里，每为边害，祜患之，竟以诡计①令吴罢守。于是戍逻减半，分以垦田八百余顷，大获其利。在军常轻裘缓带，身不被甲，铃阁以下，侍卫不过十数人，而颇以渔畋废政。尝欲夜出，军司徐胤执綮当营门曰：“将军都督万里，安可轻脱!将军之安危，亦国家之安危也。胤今日若死，此门乃开耳!”祜改容谢之，此后稀出矣。
③每与吴人交兵，克日方战，不为掩袭之计。将帅有欲进谲诈之策者，辄饮以醇酒，使不得言。吴将邓香掠夏口，祜募生缚香，既至，宥之。香感其恩甚，率部曲而降。祜出军行吴境，刈谷为粮，皆计所侵，送绢偿之，每会众江涡游猎，常止晋地，若禽兽先为吴人所伤而为晋兵所得者，皆封还之，于是吴人翁然悦服。称为“羊岱”，不之名也。祜与陆抗相对，使命交通，抗称祜之德量，虽乐毅，诸葛孔明不能过也。抗常病，祜馈之药。抗服之无疑心，人多谏抗，抗曰：“羊祜岂鸩人者?”
④祜女夫尝劝祜有所营置，令有归载者，祜黯然不应，遂告诸子曰：“人臣树私则背公，是大惑也，汝宜识吾此意。”
(节选自《晋书·羊祜传》)
【注】①诡计：奇计。
16.写出下列加点词在句中的意思。(2分)
(1)博学能属文 (2)枯独安其室
17.为下列居中加点词语选择释义正确的一项。(2分)
(1)皆计所侵，送绢尝之()
A.侵占 B.侵占 C.侵害 D.侵袭
(2)枯与陆抗相对，使命交通()
A.结交 B.连接 C.往来 D.沟通
18.下列句中加点词意义和用法都相同的一项是()。(2分)
A.胤今日若死，此门乃开耳今君乃亡赵走燕
B.称为“羊公”，不之名也名读之不知，惑之不解
C.枯女夫尝劝枯有所营置视成所蓄，掩口胡卢而笑
D.人臣树私则背公及诸河，则在舟中矣
19.把第段画线句译成现代汉语。(6分)
每与吴人交兵，克日方战，不为掩袭之计。将帅有欲进谲诈之策者，辄饮以醇酒，使不得言。
20第段中“此意”指的是：做大臣应当□ □ □ □。(2分)
21依据两段相关事迹，概括羊祜的主要品质，完成表格。(4分)
羊祜的品质 安边垦田 (1)__________________ 徐胤当门 (2)__________________ 邓香归降 (3)__________________ 陆抗服药 (4)__________________
(六)阅读下文，完成第22—26题。(13分)
勿斋记(明)朱舜水
①世之学圣人者，视圣人太高，而求圣人太精，究竟于圣人之道去之不知其几万里已。
②古今之称至圣人者莫盛于孔子，而聪明睿知莫过于颜渊，及其问仁也。夫子宣告之以精微之妙理，方为圣贤传心之秘，何独曰“非礼勿视，赤礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动”?夫视听言动者，耳目口体之常事，礼与非礼者，中智之衡量，
而“勿”者下学之持守，岂夫子不能说玄说妙、言高言远哉?抑颜渊之才不能为玄为妙、鹜高鹜远哉?而遇生民未有之孔子，其所以授受者，止于日用之能事，下学之工夫，其少有不及于颜渊者，从可知矣，故知道之至极者，在此而不在彼也。
③腾君素好学，有志于“四勿”也，以名其斋。因号“勿斋”，初见于太史所。士大夫之初遇，自有礼矣，不得轻有所请谒也，奈何以“勿斋”请余为之记也?余未知其人，亦何得轻为搦管，如贾人之炫其玉而求售也?抑其心久厌夫高远玄虚之故习，茫如捕风，一旦幡然，欲得余言以证其生平之志，中庸之德乎?“先民有言，询于刍荛 ”，勿斋有之矣!“狂夫之言，圣人择焉”。余亦有之矣!
[注]①传心：传授道统。②刍荛：指割草砍柴的人。
22.概括第段的意思。(2分)
23.第段举孔子、颜渊为例，对其分析不恰当的一项是()。(3分)
A.以圣贤为例，具体典型，很有说服力。
B.交代“四勿”是圣贤道统传授的秘诀。
C.借助圣贤之人的做法，引出文章观点。
D.通过对比，揭示圣人之道的玄妙高远。
25.对第③段画线句理解恰当的一项是()。(2分)
A.“狂夫”借指藤君，表达谦逊之意。
B.“圣人”借指藤君，表达感激之情。
C.作者认为自己境界与圣人相距甚远。
D.作者为藤君向自己求文而感到庆幸。
26.概括作者的修身理念。(用自己的话作答。)(4分)
二 写作 70分
27.随着现代社会的发展，人们的生活更容易进入大众视野，评价他人生活变得越来越常见，这些评价对个人和社会的影响越来越大。人们对“评价他人的生活”这种现象的看法不尽相同，请写一篇文章，谈谈你对这种现象的思考。
要求：(1)自拟题目;(2)不少于800字。
上海 语文参考答案
一 阅读 80分
(一)
1.答案示例：将自己的经历融入哈姆雷特这一形象来表达自己的思想
2.B
3.答案示例：“法官”式的文学批评预存标准评判作品美丑，用反省的理解，冷静而不杂个人情感。
4.C
5.B
6.答案示例：
相同之处：文艺作品的欣赏者应通过直觉让自己的情感与作品形象产生交流，由此得到真正的美感经验。
不同之处：印象派的文学批评是纯粹个人的，全凭直觉。而作者认为文学批评不是纯粹个人的，还应结合考据;也不能全凭直觉，还应说出美丑好恶的道理。
(二)
7.答案示例：第段用自己踩在了自己的骨头上来比喻站在干涸的湖底，表现出痛感的切身、剧烈;用骨头突出湖的干涸;骨头是身体的一部分，隐含湖与人不可分割的意思。这一比喻贴切形象，具有很强的表现了。
8.以记忆中艾比湖难以忘怀的美丽来反衬现实中艾比湖的残败，表达痛惜之情。
9.答案示例：在抒情散文中列举数据和年份，能具体确切地表现出湖泊消失数量之多、速度之快、地域之集中，更好地抒发了作者痛苦无奈的情感，也能给读者触目惊心的感觉。
10.答案示例：题目中的湖不仅指艾比湖，还指向众多境遇相似的湖;“殇”为非正常死亡，隐含了作者悲伤、担忧、谴责等复杂情感。
11.答案示例一：作品善用情绪色彩浓重的词语，如泯灭呐喊挖掘着墓穴悲哀等;多用整齐的句式，如第⑫段以四个字数一致的那些描绘四幅图画，既有形象的美感，也有形式的美感;多处运用了比喻、拟人等手法，如比喻有美丽的服饰和迷人的发髻鱼缸里的鱼等，贴切而富有创造性。这些语言运用上的特点，增强了作品的感染力，达到以情动人的效果。
答案示例二：作品多用情绪色彩浓重的词语，如泯灭呐喊挖掘着墓穴悲哀等;多用整齐的句式，如第⑫段以四个字数一致的那些;多处运用了比喻、拟人等手法，如比喻有美丽的服饰和迷人的发髻鱼缸里的鱼等。以上这些与作者的强烈情感是一致的。但我认为写文章不应满足于个人情感的宣泄。本文在遣词造句中情感注入过多过浓，未加沉淀节制，给人泛滥甚至虚假的感觉，降低了作品的感染力。
(三)
12.(1)贤者能勿丧耳 (2)青海长云暗雪山 (3)水随天去秋无际 (4)两三航未曾着岸 (5)山河破碎风飘絮 (6)知止不殆 (7)疑义相与析 (8)夜深千帐灯
(四)
13.D
14.D
15.答案示例：首联以景写情，三城边防堡垒白雪皑皑，传达忧国之情，看到送别之地，流露思家之情。颔联接着第二句，通过写兄弟远隔，自己孤身飘零，表达对亲人的思念及自己的悲苦之情。颈联暗接全诗第一句，写自己年老多病、无以报国，表达无奈和郁闷之情。尾联下句直接表达对家国之事的忧虑。
(五)
16.(1)连缀，写作 (2)安抚
17.(1)A (2)C
18.C
19.答案示例：每次于吴人交战，约定好日期才出战，不用偷袭的方法。将帅中有想进献诡诈计谋的人，(羊祜)就拿出美酒让他喝，使他说不出口。
20.答案示例：不谋权私
21.答案示例：(1)足智多谋 (2)闻过能改 (3)宽厚待人 (4)坦荡磊落
(六)
22.答案示例：世人学习圣人不得要领。
23.D
24.答案示例：藤君勿斋的名称来源于“四勿”，这与作者的修身理念十分契合，所以作者初见藤君就答应为他作记。
25.A
26.答案示例：修身应注重日常的人情事理，在视听言动之间下功夫，从而臻于圣人之道。
27.评分标准
一类卷
能准确把握题意，立意深刻，选材恰当，中心突出，内容充实，感情真挚，结构严谨，语言流畅，有文采。
二类卷
符合题意，立意较深刻，选材较恰当，中心明确，内容较充实，感情真实，结构完整，语言通顺。
三类卷
基本符合题意，立意一般，选材尚恰当，中心尚明确，内容尚充实，感情尚真实，结构基本完整，语言基本通顺，偶有语病。
四类卷
偏离题意，立意或选材不当，中心不明确，内容单薄，结构不完整，语言欠通顺，语病较多。
五类卷
符合以下一项即为五类卷：
(1)脱离题意。(2)文理不通。(3)全文不足400字。
11/15页第十二篇
2016年上海高考专科录取工作8月6日至14日进行
2016上海高考专科录取时间如下：
8月6日—14日高职(专科)录取。
8月6日—7日高职(专科)艺体批、提前批同时录取。
8月7日晚上10:00公布高职(专科)艺体批、提前批录取结果。
8月9日晚上10:00公布高职(专科)普通批投档结果。
8月11日晚上10:00公布高职(专科)普通批录取结果。
8月12日上午9:00网上公布高职(专科)普通批招生院校缺额计划数及线上未录取考生频数表。 12日下午1:00起至13日下午1:00资格线上未录取考生通过“上海招考热线”网站填报高职(专科)征求志愿。
8月14日晚上10:00公布高职(专科)征求志愿录取结果。 录取工作全部结束。
8月22日—26日被录取的考生领取个人档案自带到高校(应届生到毕业中学，往届生到区县招办)。
12/15页第十三篇
2017高考时间表及高考注意事项
2017高考时间表发布，全国普通高校招生统一主要集中于6月7日(星期三)至9日(星期五)举行。北京市2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试将于6月7、8日(星期三、星期四)进行。上海市2017年普通高校招生统一考试将于6月7日(星期三)至9日(星期五)举行。6月9日为外语听说测试。
以下是各地高考具体时间表：
高考注意事项有哪些?
高考注意事项一：进场流程
由于高考的严肃性，一部分心理调节差的考生可能出现紧张情绪，特别是监考老师拿着金属探测器在我身上扫描检测时，感觉很紧张，总担心自己无意中带进了什么违纪物品，导致金属探测器报警。考生在入场检查前需妥善处置通讯工具、金属类物品，尽量不要穿带有金属饰品的衣服，以免影响入场时间。
高考注意事项二：路线今年高考正赶上我市大规模建桥修路，考生和家长应趁验考场的机会，找出从家到考场的最佳路线，尽量避开那些道路维修或平日车流量较大的路段。如果遇到突发状况，要立即向交警求助，相信是会帮到你的。
高考注意事项三：桌椅和考试位置验考场时，考生可以知道自己在考场的具体座位，建议考生顺便检查一下桌椅的高度是否合适，上、下午考试时阳光是否会直射自己的座位，如有任何问题，可以向监考老师提出，请求帮忙解决。
高考注意事项四：是否携带违规用品往年验考场时，总有不少同学携带手机等违纪物品进入考场。很多同学认为，反正只是验考场，不是真正的高考，“明天我不带不就行了么。”其实，验考场是对高考各个环节的一次演练，建议考生就将其当做真正的高考，一切按高考当天的要求来，不该带的违纪物品验考场时就不要带。特别要提醒考生注意的是，今年手机等具有发射、接收功能的设备只要带入考场就算违纪，各科、各阶段成绩无效;情节严重者最高暂停参加各种国家教育考试3年此外，考生不允许带手表入场，考试时考场内统一配备石英钟。
高考注意事项五：时间趁验考场的时候计算一下从家到考场的时间，在此基础上，再打出20分钟左右的提前量，这样基本上能够保证高考当日准时到达考场。高考当日，考生应提前半小时左右到考点。如遇堵车等特殊情况，可向交警求助。
炒金如何赚钱专家免费指导银行黄金白银TD开户指南银行黄金白银模拟交易软件金投网桌面行情报价工具高考注意事项六：备考物品是否带齐历年总有考生在高考当日忘记带准考证、身份证等考试用品，其实这一点完全可以在高考前一天验考场时先进行一次演练。今年省招生部门要求考生只可以携带招生部门发放的高考用品，一定程度上减少了考生自己准备考试用品的麻烦。
高考注意事项七：听力设备高考前，相关部门已对城区和各县(市)各考场的听力设备效果逐一测试过几遍，目前各考点外语听力设备及播放效果已全部达到合格标准。验考场时，考生须对听力设备效果进行测试，按照往年的规定，每个考场位置在四个角落的同学要在听力效果测试书上签字。
高考注意事项八：身体有恙须说明每年高考，总有个别骨折、出水痘的特殊考生，对于这部分考生，考点工作人员会提供人性化服务，经请示招生部门准许后，可为其开通“绿色通道”，如允许骨折的特殊考生提前进入考点休息，或为出水痘的特殊考生启用备用考场等等。如有上述骨折、出水痘等特殊情况的考生，一定要在验考场时主动向监考人员说明情况。
13/15页第十四篇
一、本科一批批次院校组成
各地情况略有不同，北京的一本就是一本，很简单，天津、辽宁等地会更细分为A、B类或A、B阶段。
1.全国最优秀的985、211大学;
2.开设本硕博连读临床医学长学制专业的大学：如：河北医科大学、山西医科大学、中国医科大学。
3.中外合作办学类：宁波诺丁汉、西交利物浦、北师大香港浸会联合国际学院等。
4.80年代的重点大学：湘潭大学、沈阳农业大学、辽宁工程技术大学等;
5.各地优秀非211大学：东北财经大学、天津财经大学、首都经济贸易大学、中国民航大学、上海理工大学等;
6.各地的市属一本、二本兼招院校：北京市的北京工商大学、北京建筑工程学院、北方工业大学、天津市的天津科技大学、辽宁省的沈阳建筑大学、江苏省的南京工业大学等。
二、本科一批批次院校特点及报考策略
1.层次分布多，水平相差大，在部分地区如北京市录取分数差距大。在北京、天津地区北大、清华常年录取分数在660分左右，而北方工业大学、北京信息科技大学天津科技大学等当地一本、二本兼招学校录取分数过一本线即可。
2.同样的院校，根据等地考试院的安排，会设置在不同批次。比如：华侨大学在天津、辽宁是一本，在北京就是二本录取。南京财经大学在全国很多地区一本招生，在北京、天津等地区是在二本招生。
3.985、211工程大学对考生就业、考研、出国等未来发展影响较大。很多大的国企、跨国公司、优秀大学要求应聘者本科毕业于211、985工程大学。保研或考研时985、211工程院校毕业占有优势。出国留学时非211工程大学毕业生申请名校会很困难。
4.一本院校选择余地大，需要考生及家长对大学背景、学科优势多加了解。分别可以按地区选大学，按专业选大学。
按地区：我国教育发达地区是北京、上海、江苏、陕西等地;同等成绩北上广以外地区的院校会更优秀。比如在京、津两地同等成绩即可以上北京科技大学也可以考虑湖北的武汉大学、华中科技大学;分数低一些的即可以上天津财经大学也可以上广东暨南大学。
按专业：热门大学与热门专业分数相差较大。比如北京大学的热门专业是光华管理学院，北邮的热门专业是通信工程、东南大学的热门专业是建筑学，中国政法大 学的热门专业是法学，热门专业录取线一般比该大学的提档线高十几分，甚至几十分。近些年金融、会计、临床医学、建筑学等专业均属热门专业。
考生应确立好职业目标，成绩高低不同，可以选择同具优势学科的大学。今后有志于从事大飞机制造的同学依据成绩高低，可考虑北京航空航天大学、西北工业大 学、南京航空航天大学，上述学校的宇航航天科学与技术同是国家重点一级学科;学习通信的同学可以考虑北京邮电大学、电子科技大学、西安电子科技大学，上述 学校信息与通讯工程、电子科学与技术同是国家重点一级学科，实力相当，但因所处地区不同，分数也会高低不同;学习法律的同学可以考虑人大、中国政法大学、 西南政法大学、华东政法大学或西北政法大学。
了解相关相近专业。财经类院校一般开设会计学或国际会计，分数较高，而财务管理、审计学则分数较低，其实这些专业大学一二年级部分专业上课，三年级时才有差别。类似的还有车辆工程录取分数高，而相关相近专业机械设计制造、材料成型与控制工程录取分数低。
5.了解评判大学与专业的一些指标及其意义：如国家重点学科、一级学科博士点、博士后流动站、基地班、卓越工程师计划、国家重点实验室等。大学是多元化 教育，与中学有很大不同。如国家重点学科代表大学的办学特色，在重点学科学习的毕业生更受行业企业青睐。基地班毕业的同学保研比例高。参与卓越工程师计划的院校、专业对学生就业有直接帮助。
14/15页第十五篇
高考真题2016年高考天津卷英语试题(含答案)
资料概述与简介
绝密★启用前
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(天津卷)
英语 笔试
本试卷分为第I卷(选择题)和第II卷(非选择题)两部分，共130分，考试用时100分钟。第I卷1至10页。第II卷11至12页。
答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名，准考号填写在答题卡上，并在规定位置粘贴考试用条形码，答卷时，考生务必将答案写在答题卡上，答在试卷上的无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
祝各位考生考试顺利!
第I 卷
注意事项：
1. 每小题选出答案后，用铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如果改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
2. 本卷共55小题，共95分。
第一部分：英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分)
第一节：单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分，满分15分)
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
例：Stand over there_____ you’ll be able to see it better.
A. or B. and C. but D. while
答案是B。
1. ---It was a wonderful trip. So, which city did you like better, Paris or Rome?
---______. There were good things and bad things about them.
A. It’s hard to say B. I didn’t get it
C. You must be kidding D. Couldn’t be better
2. The dictionary is ______: many words have been added to the language since it was published.
A. out of control B. out of date C. out of sight D. out of reach
3. When walking down the street, I came across David, when I _____ for years.
A. didn’t see B. haven’t seen C. hadn’t seen D. wouldn’t see
4. The cooling wind swept through out bedroom windows, ____ air conditioning unnecessary.
A. making B. to make C. made D. being made
5. It was really annoying; I _____ get access to the data bank you had recommended.
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
6. ---I’m thinking of going back to school to get another degree.
---Sounds great!_____.
A. It all depends B. Go for it C. Never mind D. No wonder
7. ______ the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for.
A. Unless B. Until C. As D. While
8. Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she ____ her opinion on the subject.
A. gave voice to B. kept an eye on
C. turned a deaf ear of D. set foot on
9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____ the weather may be better.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
10. The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _____ of rain later tonight.
A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance
11. The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
12. I’m going to _____ advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle.
A. put B. make C. take D. give
13. You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel ____ the coach picks up tourists.
A. who B. which C. where D. that
14. I hate it when she calls me at work—I’m always too busy to _____ a conversation with her.
A. carry on B. break into C. turn down D. cut off
15. I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I ____.
A. were injured B. would be injured
C. had been injured D. would have been injured
第二节： 完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分，满分30分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从16-35各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选春最佳选项。
The journey my daughter Cathy has had with her swimming is as long as it is beautiful.
Cathy suffered some terrible 16 in her early childhood. After years of regular treatment, she 17 became healthy.
Two years ago, while Cathy was watching the Olympics, a dream came into her sweet little head—to be a swimmer. Last summer, she wanted to 18 out local swim team. She practiced hard and finally 19 it. The team practice, 20 was a rough start. She coughed and choked and could hardly 21 her first few weeks. Hearing her coughing bitterly one night, I decided to 22 her from it all. But Cathy woke me up early next morning, wearing her swimsuit 23 to go! I told her she shouldn’t swim after a whole night’s coughing, but she refused to 24 and insisted she go .
From that day on, Cathy kept swimming and didn’t 25 a single practice. She had a 26 intention within herself to be the best she could be. My ten—year—old was growing and changing right before my eyes, into this 27 human being with a passion and a mission. There were moments of 28 of course: often she would be the last swimmer in the race. It was difficult for Cathy to accept that she wasn’t a 29 ---ever. But that didn’t stop her from trying.
Then came the final awards ceremony at the end of the year. Cathy didn’t expect any award but was still there to 30 her friends and praise their accomplishments. As the ceremony was nearing the end, I suddenly heard the head coach 31 , “The highest honor goes to Cathy!” Looking around, he continued, “Cathy has inspired us with her 32 and enthusiasm. 33 skills and talents bring great success, the most valuable asset(财富)one can hold is the heart.”
It was the greatest 34 of my daughter’s life. With all she hade been 35 in her ten years, this was the hour of true triumph(成功).
16. A. failure B. pressure C. loss D. illness
17. A. usually B. finally C. firstly D. frequently
18. A. improve B. train C. join D. contact
19. A. increased B. found C. created D. made
20. A. however B. therefore C. otherwise D. instead
21. A. use B. survive C. save D. waste
22. A. pull B. tell C. hide D. fire
23. A. afraid B. nervous C. ready D. free
24. A. take off B. set off C. give up D. show up
25. A. attend B. miss C. ban D. Start
26. A. rich B. weak C. firm D. kind
27. A. trusted B.determined C.experienced D. embarrassed
28. A. frustration B. delight C. excitement D. surprise
29. A. beginner B.learner C. partner D. winner
30. A. cheer on B. compete with C. respond to D. run after
31. A. admitting B.explaining C.announcing D. whispering
32. A. humor B. will C. honesty D. wisdom
33. A. Although B. Since C. Once D. Because
34. A. discovery B. choice C. influence D. moment
35. A. through B. under C. across D. around
第二部分： 阅读理解 (共20小题; 每小题2.5分，满分50分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
A Language Programme for Teenagers
Welcome to Teenagers Abroad! We invite you to join us on an amazing journey of language learning.
Our Courses
Regardless of your choice of course, you’ll develop your language ability both quickly and effectively.
Our Standard Course guarantees a significant increase in your confidence in a foreign language, with focused teaching in all 4 skill areas----speaking, listening, reading and writing.
Our Intensive Course builds on our Standard Course, with 10 additional lessons per week, guaranteeing the fastest possible language learning (see table below).
Course Type Days Number of Lesson Course Timetable Standard Course Mon-Fri lessons Intensive Course Mon-Fri lessons 10lessons Evaluation
starting their programme. However, if this is not available, students sit the exam on the first Monday of their course.
Learning materials are provided to students throughout their course, and there will never be more than 15 participants in each class.
Arrivals and Transfer
Our programme offers the full package—students are take good care of from the start through to the very end. They are collected from the airport upon arrival and brought to their accommodation in comfort. We require the student’s full details at least 4 weeks in advance.
Meals/Allergies(过敏)/Special Dietary Requirements
Students are provided with breakfast, dinner and either a cooked or packed lunch(which consists of a sandwich, a drink and a dessert). Snacks outside of mealtimes may be purchased by the student individually.
We ask that you let us know of any allergies or dietary requirements as well as information about any medicines you take. Depending on the type of allergies and/ or dietary requirements, an extra charge may be made for providing special food.
36. How does Intensive Course differ from Standard Course?
A. It is less effective.
B. It focuses on speaking.
C. It includes extra lessons.
D. It give you confidence
37. When can a student attend Standard Course?
A. 13:00-14:30 Monday.
B. 9:00-12:30 Tuesday
C. 13:00-14:30 Friday.
D. 9:00-12:30 Saturday.
38. Before starting their programme, students are expected to _____.
A. take a language test
B. have an online interview
C. prepare learning materials
D. report their language levels
39. With the full package, the programme organizer is supposed to_____.
A. inform students of their full flight details
B. look after students throughout the programme
C. offer students free sightseeing trips
D. collect students’ luggage in advance
40. Which of the following may require an extra payment?
A. Cooked dinner.
B. Mealtime dessert.
C. Packed lunch.
D. Special diet.
B
Every man wants his son to be somewhat of a clone, not in features but in footsteps. As he grows you also age, and your ambitions become more unachievable. You begin to realize that your boy, in your footsteps, could probably accomplish what you hoped for. But footsteps can be muddied and they can go off in different directions.
My son Jody has hated school since day one in kindergarten. Science projects waited until the last moment. Book reports weren’t written until the final threat.
I’ve been a newspaperman all my adult life. My daughter is a university graduate working toward her master’s degree in English. But Jody? When he entered the tenth grade he became a “vo-tech” student(技校学生). They’re called “motorheads” by the rest of the student body.
When a secretary in my office first called him “motorhead”, I was shocked. “Hey, he’s a good kid,” I wanted to say. “And smart, really.”
I learned later that motorheads are, indeed, different. They usually have dirty hands and wear dirty work clothes. And they don’t often make school honor rolls(光荣榜).
But being the parent of a motorhead is itself an experience in education. We who labor in clean shirts in offices don’t have the abilities that motorheads have. I began to learn this when I had my car crashed. The cost to repair it was estimated at $800. “Hey, I can fix it,” said Jody. I doubted it , but let him go ahead, for I had nothing to lose.
My son ,with other motorheads, fixed the car. They got parts(零件)from a junkyard, non-toasting toaster have been fixed. Neighbours and co-workers trust their car repair to him.
Since that first repair job, a broken air-conditioner, a non-functioning washer and a non-toasting toaster have been fixed. Neighbors and co-workers trust their car repairs to him.
These kids are happiest when doing repairs. They joke and laugh and are living in their own relaxed world. And their minds are bright despite their dirty hands and clothes.
I have learned a lot from my motorhead: publishers need printers, engineers need mechanics, and architects need builders. Most important, I have learned that fathers don’t need clones in footsteps or anywhere else.
My son may never make the school honor roll. But he made mine.
41. What used to be the author’s hope for his son?
A. To avoid becoming his clone.
B. To resemble him in appearance.
C. To develop in a different direction.
D. To reach the author’s unachieved goals.
42. What can we learn about the author’s children?
A. His daughter does better in school.
B. His daughter has got a master’s degree.
C. His son tried hard to finish homework.
D. His son couldn’t write his book reports.
43. The author let his son repair the car because he believed that_______.
A. His son had the ability to fix it.
B. it would save him much time.
C. it wouldn’t cause him any more loss
D. other motorheads would come to help.
44. In the author’s eyes, motorheads are _______.
A. tidy and hardworking
B. cheerful and smart
C. lazy but bright
D. relaxed but rude
45. What did the author realize in the end?
A. It is unwise to expect your child to follow your path.
B. It is important for one to make the honor roll.
C. Architects play a more important role than builders.
D. Motorheads have greater ability than office workers.
C
When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.
These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. “Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery. “And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”
Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.
The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working----at any age----is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence---the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”
46. What do we know about John?
A. He enjoyed his career and marriage.
B. He had few childhood playmates.
C. He received little love from his family.
D. He was envied by others in his childhood.
47. Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as _____.
A. a description of personal values and social values
B. an analysis of how work was related to competence
C. an example for parents’ expectations of their children
D. an explanation why some boys grew into happy men
48. Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by _____.
A. recording the boys’ effort in school
B. evaluating the men’s mental health
C. comparing different sets of scores
D. measuring the men’s problem solving ability
49. What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Quick to react
B. Having a thin edge
C. Clear and definite
D. sudden and rapid
50. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. competent adults know more about love than work.
B. Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.
C. Love brings more joy to people than work does.
D. Independence is the key to one’s success.
D
Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.
We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫) and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it has either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.
Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.
Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical(按字母顺序), never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day’s work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Experience proved that the rule works.
Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can-then let the unconscious take over.
When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica (《大英百科全书》), I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after dat I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.
One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relived, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.
An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind provided correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.
Human beings, I believe must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.
51. People with start-up fatigue are most likely to .
A. delay tasks
B. work hard
C. seek help
D. accept failure
52. What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue?
A. Writing essays in strict order.
B. Building up physical strength.
C. Leaving out the toughest ideas.
D. Dealing with the hardest task first.
53. On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue?
A. Before starting a difficult task.
B. When all the solutions fail.
C. If the job is rather boring.
D. After finding a way out.
54. According to the author, the unconscious mind may help us .
A. ignore mental problems
B. get some nice sleep
C. gain complete relief
D. find the right solution
55. What could be the best title for the passage?
A. Success Is Built upon Failure
B. How to Handle Performance Fatigue
C. Getting over Fatigue: A Way to Success
D. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems
绝密★启用前
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(天津卷)
英 语 笔 试
第II卷
注意事项：
1.用黑色墨水的钢笔或签字笔将答案写在答题卡上。
2.本卷共6小题，共35分。
第三部分： 写作
第一节：阅读表达(共5小题;每小题2分，满分10分)
阅读短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
I’m a 34-year-old man, married, lived in a nice house, and have a successful career as an educational consultant. But my life was not always so great. I had a learning disability from an early age. I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help. Still, I suffered the rest of my school days in public schools.
My life improved remarkably when I discovered art. The art world gave me a chance to express myself without words. I went to a workshop and gradually got good at making things with clay(黏土). Here I learned my first important lesson: disabled as I was in language. I could still be smart and well express myself with clay. And my confidence came along.
I got my next lesson from rock climbing. It was a fun thing but I was scared from the start. I soon noticed it wasn’t a talent thing; it was practice. So I did it more. After about five years of climbing, I found myself in Yosemite Valley on a big wall. I learned that if you fall in love with something and do it all the time, you will get better at it.
Later I decided to apply my previous experience to learning how to read and write. Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible. After two hard years, I was literate.
Having gone through the long process with art, rock climbing, and reading and writing, now I’ve got to a point in my life where I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown, hard, but interesting.
56. What made the author’s school days difficult? (No more than 5 words)
57. Why did art give the author confidence? (No more than 10 words)
58. What lesson did the author learn from rock climbing? (No more than 15 words)
59. What is the meaning of the underlined part in Paragraph 4? (No more than 5 words)
60. How does the author’s story inspire you to overcome difficulties in life? Put it in your own words. (No more than 20 words)
第二节：书面表达(满分25分)
61.
假设你是晨光中学的学生会主席李津。一批来自英国的高中生与你校学生开展了为期两周的交流活动。现在，他们即将回国，你将在欢送会上致辞。请根据以下提示写一篇发言稿。
回顾双方的交流活动(如学习、生活、体育、文艺等方面);
谈谈收获或感情;
表达祝愿语期望。
注意：
词数不少于100;
可适当加入细节，是内容充实、行文连贯;
开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear friends,
How time flies!
Thank you.
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(天津卷)
英语笔试参考答案
第I卷
第一、二部分(Key to1--55)
1--5ABCAB 6--10BCADD 11--15BCDAD 16--20DBCDA 21--25BACCB 26--30CBADA 31--35CBADA 36--40CBABD 41--45DACBA 46--50ADCCB 51--55ADBDC
第II卷
第三部分 第一节
Some possible answers:
56.(His) learning disability. Or: Having a learning disability.
Or: That he was learning disabled. Or: He had a learning disability.
57.He could be smart and express himself with clay.
Or： Art could help him express himself without words.
Or: He could well express himself with clay/art.
58.If you enjoy something and keep doing it, you will get better at it.
Or: The more you practice something, the better at it you will become. Or: Practice makes perfect. Or: Practice leads to success.
59.I could read and write.
60.We should not lose heart in face of difficulties. If we work hard，we will find a way out. Or: The author’s story tells me that I should be confident and practice hard to overcome difficulties in my life.or:We should overcome our weakness and fears with courage and determination.
以上答案仅供参考
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